Dynamic Of law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dynamic Of law - Essay Example k Stanley cashed in on the popularity of this â€Å"patent medicine† and claimed the liniment can cure a variety of ills such as headaches, chronic pain, kidney troubles, and â€Å"female complaints† such as the menstrual pain (dysmenorrhea) and even male baldness. Because of this connotation, snake oil is used as a synonym for fraud especially in relation to false claims made about a product or service. This is why advertisers today practice ethical standards with the catch phrase â€Å"truth in advertising.† Fraud as a legal construct is a civil wrong which means a victim of fraud can recover money paid for a product or service which did not live up to the claims of the seller. As criminal act, a person perpetrating a fraud is subject to criminal liabilities and imprisonment if convicted by government authorities who try to protect the buying public by giving out warnings. Snake oil was sold in the nineteenth century to an unsuspecting public through the back page of pamphlets and newspapers claiming it is a panacea (cure-all) although it no longer contained the original Chinese snake oil but instead was a mixture of mineral oil, beef fat, red pepper, and turpentine (Gandhi, 2013). Since then, a good number of consumer products were often being sold without any regard for the truthfulness of the claims made by the manufacturer or the seller; included are medicines, consumer durables, organic foods, and also firms claiming their product is â€Å"green.† Greenwashing is a newly-coined term derived from the words â€Å"green† and â€Å"washing† in a deceptive attempt by any company to portray itself to the buying public as an environmentally friendly organization in order to promote the sales of its product or service. This is because of a growing consciousness of caring for the environment resulting from global warming and climate change together with the depletion of non-renewable energy sources that resulted in degradation of the environment and the so-called

Communications Plan Essay Example for Free

Communications Plan Essay The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and TSA awarded a $37m grant for expansion projects at Denver International Airport. These funds are being used for the master plan projects. Approximately $11.6m will go towards rehabilitating runway 8/26, and over $1.7m will be used to improve the taxiway system surrounding Jeppesen Terminal. About $8.7m will be used to upgrade runway 16L/34R. About $15m from the TSA grant will be spent on improving the airports baggage screening system. Stakeholder Analysis To examine the role of the airport stakeholders a precise definition of stakeholders and their goals for the airport is necessary. The purpose of this section is to identify the airport’s goals from the point of view of each stakeholder group. 1) Passengers For passengers, the airport provides a transition point between the ground and air transportation modes, or a connection point between two flights. Different sub-types of passengers have been identified (Neufville Odoni 2003): 1) Arriving passengers 2) Originating passengers 3) Transfer passengers 4) International and domestic passengers 5) Charter and low-fare airline passengers 6) Shuttle/commuter passengers These passenger types are not mutually exclusive; rather, an individual passenger may be a member of more than one subtype of passenger categories. Arriving and originating passengers are commonly referred to as origin and destination (OD) passengers. Independent of the passenger classifications according to the above attributes, the passengers may be viewed in two different capacities in the context of this analysis. First, passengers can be viewed as participants in the economic system, either as business travelers or as tourist/leisure travelers, purchasing services from airport service providers and interacting in different ways with local businesses and the local community. Second, passengers can be viewed as individual travelers that have expectations about receiving quality services, and passing through the airport system in a convenient manner. These two perspectives have different implications on the goals for the airports and will be treated separately in the following subs ections. a) Passengers as Economic Participants Passengers may participate in the economic system in one of several ways: 1) As origin leisure/personal travelers: These are passengers from the local community that use the airport as their departure point for leisure or other personal travel. 2) As origin business travelers: These are travelers representing local businesses, using the airport as their departure point. 3) As destination leisure/personal travelers: These are visitors to the region, for tourism or other personal purposes. 4) As destination business travelers: These are business travelers coming to visit local businesses. If the airport’s traffic is heavily geared toward OD traffic, then demand at the airport is more heavily dictated by the local economy. In contrast, significant connecting (transfer) passenger levels are less sensitive to the performance of the local economy, but those traffic volumes may represent vulnerability for the airport since they are to a greater degree dictated by a carrier’s viability and route decisions. Passengers contribute toward the financing of airport capital improvement projects through Passenger Facility Charges (PFCs) of up to $4.50 per passenger. PFCs are paid directly by passengers through airline tickets and proceeds must be used for capital improvements at the airport that collected them (Wells Young 2003). The goals for passengers as economic participants relates to the cost of travel: Providing access to low airfares is a key objective for the airport in the view of air passengers. b) Passenger as Travelers When considering the passengers as travelers as a stakeholder group, the focus is on the passenger as an individual. The goal of the airport from the individual passenger viewpoint is, moving passengers quickly and conveniently to where they need to go. This view considers the airport as a transit point from one mode of transportation to another, or as a connection point between two different flights. Ensuring on-time performance was raised as the most important aspect to achieving this objective. 2) Business, Commerce, Tourism, Arts, Sports, and Education Organizations The organizations that in various ways are customers of the airport have been summarized as â€Å"business, commerce, tourism, arts, sports, and education organizations†. Some organizations are direct users of the airport by importing or exporting services (i.e. business travelers) and goods (raw materials or finished goods). Other organizations are indirect customers of the airport as a result of their custome rs (e.g. tourists) traveling through the airport. The term â€Å"organizations† is used to encompass both for-profit and not-for-profit organizations. Organizations Organizations whose clients arrive through the airport Organizations that are direct users of the airport Importers of services and goods Exporters of services and goods The airport serves as an engine of business activity for the organizations in the region. The airport drives and supports economic activity in several different ways, including both through business activities directly at the airport and through business activities throughout the regional economy (Button Stough 2000). Underlying goals for maximizing this economic activity include maximizing passenger volumes and traffic at the airport as well as maximizing the number of destinations served and the frequency of those services (Matt Erskine, Greater Washington Board of Trade 2009). As a result of the different types of use of the airport described in the previous paragraph, the priority of one goal over another varies between organizations. 3) Air Carriers Air carriers provide the air transportation service from the airports. Air carriers include both passenger and cargo carriers and are classified into three subcategories (Environmental Protection Agency 2000): 1) Large certified carriers: These carriers have a certificate to carry 61 passengers or more, payload equal to or greater than 18,000 pounds, or conduct international operations. 2) Small certified carriers: These carriers fly aircraft that carry less than 61 passengers, carry less than 18,000 pounds, and do not conduct international operations. 3) Commuter carriers: These are air taxis with a published schedule of at least five weekly round trips between at least two airports. Air carriers select airports based on the passenger demand for service to/from the airports (i.e. revenue generation potential) and based on the cost of operating at the airport. The airlines have the objective of achieving high yields, (Doganis 2002). Airports serve the role of providing access to high yield markets. Attractive airports ensure low cost of air carrier operations at the airport. This includes both minimizing direct fees charged to air carriers through the maximization of non-aeronautical revenues (Dallas Dawson, Tampa International Airport 2009) and minimizing costs incurred by air carriers through delay on the ground (Peter Stettler, Ricondo and Associates 2009). An airport may serve either as a hub for a carrier, with a high portion of that carrier’s flights operating to/from the airport, or as a non-hub airport with a lower portion of flights for a given carrier (Belobaba et al. 2009). In either situation, the airport should act as an efficient hub/connection point, contributing to ensuring air carriers’ on time performance (Pat Oldfield, United Airlines 2009). In addition, it is the expectation of air carriers that airports ensure safety of operations on the airport surface (Kurt Krummenacker, Mood ys 2009). 4) General Aviation Users General aviation encompasses many types of aviation outside the air carrier definition, including (Wells Young 2003). 1) Air taxi operators (except those air taxi operators listed in section IV.A.3) 2) Corporate-executive transportation 3) Flight instruction 4) Aircraft rental 5) Aerial application 6) Aerial observation 7) Business 8) Pleasure Several of the goals listed for air carriers also apply to general aviation in terms of on-time performance, low costs, and safety. However, a representative of a business aviation organization defined the primary goal of airports as serving as access point to the national air transportation system by providing good availability and high capabilities in terms of instrumentation and services (Jeff Gilley, National Business Aviation Association 2009). 5) Airport Organization The airport organizational structure varies (Neufville Odoni 2003) and can be comprised of an individual airport such as Dallas Fort Worth Airport (DFW) (DFW Airport 2009) or as a group of airports managed by the same organization, such as the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority (MWAA) (Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority 2009). The airport organization is overseen by a board appointed by local governments. In larger airports or systems of airports, a common feature is that the organization includes a separation of operating units which carry out on-going management of airport operations, and they are separate from staff units which have responsibility for (among several other areas) infrastructure development (Neufville Odoni 2003). The airport itself pays for some capital infrastructure projects. Airport operating revenues come from sources such as landing fees, terminal leases and proceeds from concessions sales. This revenue is used to pay for the airport’s operating expense, but any surplus can be used to contribute toward capital improvements. A set of goals for the airport organization can be derived from studying airports’ strategic plans and objectives and from interviewing airport management experts. The primary objective (sometimes referred to as the â€Å"mission†) of the airport is to provide access to high quality air services to its region. Other goals, such as ensuring strong financial performance and high operational efficiency, are considered as â€Å"means to an end† in that they enable the airport to achieve this overarching goal (DFW Airport 2008; Hillsborough County Aviation Authority 2006). A summary view of the airport’s goals is presented using the structure of Denver International Airport’s strategic plan (Denv er International Airport 2009): 1) Excel in airport management: This goal includes: a) Achieve high security and safety (City of Cleveland, Department of Port Control 2007; Denver International Airport 2009; Hillsborough County Aviation Authority 2006) b) Grow revenue and manage costs (City of Cleveland, Department of Port Control 2007; Denver International Airport 2009; DFW Airport 2008; Hillsborough County Aviation Authority 2006) c) Drive economic growth (Denver International Airport 2009) d) Grow passenger numbers (City of Cleveland, Department of Port Control 2007; Denver International Airport 2009) e) Provide access to a high number of destinations and a high frequency of service (Denver International Airport 2009). This goal relates immediately to the primary objective of the airport described above. Airport management must also achieve a balance where sufficient infrastructure capacity exists for handling traffic while capacity is at the same time not over-built (Paul McKnight, Jacobs Consultancy 2009; Frank Berardino, GRA Inc 2009). Additionally, a key objective for airports is to maximize non-aeronautical revenues since that provides diversified revenues and allows for keeping usage charges to air carriers low, thereby potentially attracting more traffic (Chellie Cameron, MWAA 2009; Peter Stettler, Ricondo and Associates 2009; Seth Lehman and Emma Walker, Fitch Ratings 2009). 2) Provide high levels of customer service: This goal includes ensuring a good experience for both passengers and other customers (City of Cleveland, Department of Port Control 2007; Denver International Airport 2009; DFW Airport 2008; Hillsborough County Aviation Authority 2006). 3) Develop environmentally sustainable practices and minimize noise: This goal includes minimizing emissions, energy consumption, etc., within the airport (Denver International Airport 2009; City of Cleveland, Department of Port Control 2007). Some airports, such as Sea-Tac, are also beginning to expand their focus by considering greenhouse gas emissions not only from the airport-controlled operations but also from airlines and other tenants as well as the public (Port of Seattle, Sea-Tac Airport 2007). Related to this is the goal of minimizing airport-related noise (Neufville Odonin2003). 4) Develop high-performing employee teams: This goal relates to developing effective and skilled employees (City of Cleveland, Department of Port Control 2007; Denver International Airport 2009) and maximizing employee engagement (DFW Airport 2008). 5) Enhance competitive advantage: This goal includes providing competitive user rates and protecting the airport’s physical infrastructure (Denver International Airport 2009; City of Cleveland, Department of Port Control 2007). Some of these goals may be in competition with each other. For instance, the goal of maximizing non-aeronautical revenue can conflict with the goal of developing environmentally sustainability and providing a good experience for passengers: The latter two goals would be aided by promoting and developing access to public transportation access modes to the airport such as bus or rail. However, the goal of maximizing non-aeronautical revenue is better served by maximizing revenue-generation in the form of parking revenue from private vehicles. In such instances, airport management must balance the competing priorities in order to accomplish the goals of the airport. 6) Investors and Bond-Holders The majority of airport debt is of the general airport revenue bond (GARB) type. GARB means that the bond is backed by revenues generated from airport operations and not backed by any government funding source. The credit ratings agencies Moody’s, Standard and Poor’s, and Fitch Ratings participate in this system by assigning grades of investment quality to the airports’ bonds. The ratings agencies’ ratings affect the interest rates and terms of the bonds (Wells Young 2003). A large number of factors impact the bond ratings, including: 1) Historical and projected population growth 2) Historical and projected employment expansion and mix 3) Passenger growth 4) Airport utilization trends 5) Portion of origin and destination (OD) traffic 6) The importance of the facility to the overall US system of airports 7) Whether the airport is in a favorable geographic location (e.g. is it a natural hub location?) 8) Airfield capacity and attractiveness of facilities 9) Debt burden and carrying costs 10) Financial strength of carriers with a lot of connecting traffic, and their level of commitment to the airport 11) The role of the airport in the dominant carrier’s network 12) The level of legal flexibility for the airport to change the rates it charges air carriers 7) Concessionaires Airport concessionaires operate passenger services in terminal buildings and may include food and beverage services, retail services, and hotels. Concessions operators pay the airport organization a fixed annual fee and/or a percentage of gross revenues (Wells Young 2003). Considering the concessions operators’ objective of maximizing profits, the goals of the airport for these operators are deduced to be maximizing passenger volumes and minimizing the fees paid to the airport organization. 8) Service Providers The service providers are private operators that offer services to air carriers and general aviation users. Independent operators may supply these services (e.g. fixed-base operators, FBOs), but some of the services may also be provided by the airport operator, the airline itself, or by another airline. Services provided include (Neufville Odoni 2003): 1) Supply of aviation fuel and oil 2) Baggage handling and sorting 3) Loading and unloading of aircraft 4) Interior cleaning of aircraft 5) Toilet and water service 6) Passenger transport to/from remote stands 7) Catering transport 8) Routine inspection and maintenance of aircraft at the stands 9) Aircraft starting, marshalling, and parking 10) Aircraft de-icing 11) Passenger handling (e.g. ticketing and check-in) 12) Cargo and mail handling 13) Information services 14) Preparation of handling and load-control documents 15) Supervisory or administrative duties Similar to concessionaires, independent service providers pay a fee to the airport organization which is typically a percentage of gross revenues (Neufville Odoni 2003). In a parallel to concessionaires, service provider goals for the airport would include maximizing traffic volumes and minimizing the fees paid to the airport organization. 9) Employees The employee category includes both direct employees of the airports organization as well as employees of companies operating at the airport, such as concessions operators. Some employees are organized into unions, such as the Service Employees International Union (SEIU USW West 2009) and Unite Here (Unite Here 2009). The objective of the airport from the perspective of those unions is to provide secure jobs, wages, and benefits (Unite Here 2009). 10) Federal Government The federal government participates in the airport system in three different roles: As a bill-payer, as an operator, and as a regulator. Each of these roles will be addressed in this section. In terms of the government’s role as a bill payer for the system, the Airports Improvement Program (AIP) is administered by the FAA and its funding comes from the Airport and Airway Trust Fund, which in turn is funded by user fees and fuel taxes. AIP funds can be applied toward projects that support aircraft operations including runways, taxiways, aprons, noise abatement, land purchase, and safety, emergency or snow removal equipment. In order to be eligible for AIP funding, airports must be part of the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems (NPIAS), which imposes requirements on the airport for legal and financial compliance (Wells Young 2003). The NPIAS has two goals: To ensure that airports are able to accommodate the growth in travel and to keep airports up to standards for the aircraft that use them (FAA 2008). The government’s role as airport operators includes three different agencies: 1) FAA: The FAA is the operator of ramp, ground, local, and departure/arrival air traffic control services (United States Code of Federal Regulations 2010). 2) Transportation Security Administration (TSA): The TSA provides passenger and baggage security screening services. The TSA states that it is the goal for its baggage screening operations to screen for explosives and other dangerous items while maximizing efficiency (Transportation Security Administration 2009). This can be translated to state that it is the goal for the airport to ensure secure transportation of people and goods while minimizing the impact of security measures on legitimate travelers and goods. 3) Customs and Border Protection (CBP): The CBP is responsible for operating passport control and customs inspections at international airports. The CBP states that it is its mission to protect â€Å"our nation’s borders from terrorism, human and drug smuggling, illegal migration, and agricultural pests while simultaneously facilitating the flow of legitimate travel and trade† (Customs and Border Protection 2009). Just as for the TSA, this can be translated to state that it is the goal for the airport to ensure secure transportation of people and goods while minimizing the impact of security measures on legitimate travelers and goods. Lastly, the federal government is a regulator of the airports system. Airports that are included in the NPIAS are subject to a number of federal regulations that are enforced by the FAA and the Transportation Security Administration. The regulations apply to both the airport infrastructure as well as to service providers within the airport systems. The purpose of these rules is to ensure the safe and efficient operations of public-use airports (Wells Young 2003). 11) Local Government US airports are with few exceptions not private, profitmaking enterprises. Instead, airports are typically owned and operated by public entities such as cities, counties, or local airport authorities (Neufville Odoni 2003). For instance, Washington’s Dulles and National airports are owned and operated by the Metropolitan Washington Airport’s Authority (MWAA). The MWAA is officially a body independent of the local government but its board is appointed by the Governor of Virginia, the Mayor of the District of Columbia, the Governor of Maryland and the President of the United States). Similarly, Newark, LaGuardia, JFK, Stewart International, and Teterboro airports in metropolitan New York City are owned by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey 2009). Dallas-Fort Worth Airport is jointly owned by the City of Dallas and the City of Forth Worth (DFW Airport 2009). The government owners in the form of city and local governments are represented by an airport board which is responsible for the strategic direction of the airport and for appointing airport management (Wells Young 2003). The local government is supported in an advisory role by federally funded Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) who are charged with assisting in planning for aviation and other transportation infrastructure for the local region (Association of Metropolitan Planning Organizations 2010). State and local government also contribute as bill-payers for capital improvement projects (Airports Council International North America 2009). The objectives of the airport from the point of view of the local government is representative of those of the local community it represents and involves both maximizing its positive effects while minimizing its negative effects. One form of positive impact of the airport is in the shape of economic effects. There is significant literature on the economic impact of airports. However, many studies are sponsored by the airports authorities themselves, making them more political than analytical. Although there may be no definitive measure of the economic impact of airports, a structure for the types of impacts of airports to their regional communities has proposed (Button Stough 2000): 1) Short-term impact from construction, expansion, and renovation of airports 2) Sustained impact in the form of jobs at the airport (direct impact) and off-airport jobs that result from the â€Å"multiplier effect† of the income generated by employees at the airport 3) Stimulus of the local economy as a result of firms and individuals having air transportation services at their disposal 4) Spurring other economic development by crossing thresholds for economies of scale, scope, and density. The authors note that this last form of impact is very difficult to quantify. COMMUNICATION PLAN Communication Objectives The objective of this strategic communications plan is to serve as a road map for how communications will be done between members of the project team as well as the stakeholders.. This plan comprises objectives, strategies and tactics for how team correspondence will be performed between each facet of the project team.. Works Cited Kurt Krummenacker, Moodys, 2009. Interview of Kurt Krummenacker, Moodys, by David Schaar, George Mason University. Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority, 2009. Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority, Facts. Available at: http://www.mwaa.com/about_the_authority/facts [Accessed October 15, 2012]. Neufville, R.D. Odoni, A.R., 2003. Airport systems, McGraw-Hill Professional. Port of Seattle, Sea-Tac Airport, 2007. Port of Seattle,Seattle-Tacoma International Airport,Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory 2006, Sarkis, J., 2000. An analysis of the operational efficiency of major airports in the United States. Journal of Operations Management, 18(3), 335-351. Sarkis, J. Talluri, S., 2004. Performance based clustering for benchmarking of US airports. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 38(5), 329-346. Schap, D., 1986. Municipal ownership in the electric utility industry, Praeger. SEIU USW West, 2009. SEIU USW West About Us. Available at: http://www.seiu-usww.org/about/Default.aspx [Accessed October 16, 2012]. Smith, D.M., 1979. Where the grass is greener, Taylor Francis. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, 2009. Overview of Facilities and Services About the Port Authority. Available at: http://www.panynj.gov/about/facilities-services.html [Accessed October 18, 2012]. Transportation Security Administration, 2009. Transportation Security Administration What We Do. Available at: http://www.tsa.gov/what_we_do/index.shtm [Accessed October 16, 2012]. Unite Here, 2009. Unite Here. Available at: http://www.unitehere.org/about/airports.php [Accessed October 16, 2012]. United States Code of Federal Regulations, 2010. Title 14,Part 91. Available at: [Accessed February 5, 2010]. Upham, P.J., 2003. Towards sustainable aviation,Earthscan. US-Citizens Aviation Watch, 2009. US-Citizens AviationWatch. Available at: http://www.us-caw.org/ [Accessed October 16, 2012]. Wells, A.T. Young, S.B., 2003. Airport planning management, McGraw-Hill Professional. White, E.T., 1976. Utilities, Dept. of Defense, National Defense University, Industrial College of the Armed Forces. Wolfe, H.P. NewMyer, D.A., 1985. Aviation industry regulation, SIU Press.

Hosea Essay -- essays research papers

Hosea THEME: There is nothing we can do which will separate us from God's compassion and love I certify that I am the author of this work and that any assistance I received in its preparation is fully acknowledged. PART I   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The book Hosea was written between 790 and 710 BC by the prophet Hosea. The story is about the relationship between Hosea and his wife, Gomer, and how their lives parallel that of the northern kingdom of Israel. There are several themes in the book of Hosea and I will discuss what I think to be the main one, â€Å" there is absolutely nothing we can do which will separate us from God's love and compassion†. While the northern kingdom prospers monetarily its morals and spiritual condition is sacrificed. The peoples of the northern kingdom have fallen from God's grace due to their worship of God's other than the one true God. The following text describes my opinions, others opinions, and my observations of the book Hosea.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The book begins with God telling Hosea to marry an adulterous wife . He does this to show the relationship of the Israelites adultery to God by worshipping idols and other God's. Hosea marries Gomer and they have a son. God informs Hosea to name the child Jezreel because he is going to punish the house of Jehu for the massacre at Jezreel. Later they have a daughter and God tells Hosea to name her Lo-Ruhama which means, not loved, in Hebrew. Once again Hosea and Gomer have a son that God tells Hosea to name Lo-Ammi which means, not my people, in Hebrew. Chapter one ends with God describing how the two nations, Israel and Judah, be reunited under one appointed leader and one God.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chapter two describes God's feelings towards the nation Israel. He does this by comparing the nation Israel to Hosea's household. He describes how Hosea's wife has been unfaithful to her husband as the nation Israel has been unfaithful to God. He further goes on to describe his plans for the nation Israel and how he is going to let Israel search for Him, through other God's, and the obstacles he'll place in their path to hinder their search. God also declares he will punish the Israelites for forgetting about their one true God. God ends the narration by telling of the restoration of Israel to his favor and the many benefits that will fall upon the nation Israel... ...s is the first chapter of the Bible (Old and New Testament) that I've studied this thoroughly and I can also say this will not be the last. I came into this course thinking it was just a requirement for me to receive my degree and I'll leave it with the knowledge that I've received more than just three credit hours. References   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rainbow Studies, Inc. (1992). The new international version rainbow study bible (4th ed.). El Reno, Oklahoma: Author   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Scott, Jack B. (1971). The book of hosea: a study manual (2nd Printing). Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Book House.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tullock, John H. (1981).The old testament story (3rd ed.). Englewoods Cliff, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, inc.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Southwestern Journal of Theology (Fall 1975). Studies in hosea (No. 1). Fort Worth, Texas: Faculty of the School of Theology, Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wood, Fred M. (1975). Hosea: prophet of reconciliation. Nashville, Tennessee: Convention Press.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Random House Webster's College Dictionary (1991). New York, Random House Inc.

Issues in special education Essay

Legal disputes between parents and school officials can be very costly. The cost is not just in dollars. It also involves costs in terms of the diversion of resources, the toll on school personnel, and, most importantly, the breakdown in the relationship between the parents and the school. The best way to deal with a legal dispute is to prevent it from occurring in the first place. In 1975 Congress passed landmark legislation designed to provide the nation’s students with disabilities with unprecedented access to educational services. Originally known as the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (1975), that legislation is now known by its new title, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (1997). The statute, as amended, calls for school districts to provide students with disabilities with an appropriate education in the least restrictive environment. The law also provides students with disabilities and their parents with due process rights, including the right to contest school district decisions regarding the provision of a free appropriate public education. Consequently, since the enactment of the law in 1975, literally thousands of lawsuits have been filed challenging school district decisions. The IDEA is not the only law governing special education in the schools. In addition, section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act and the ADA provide students with disabilities with additional protections. Section 504 prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities by recipients of federal funds. The ADA expands section 504’s discrimination prohibition to the private sector, but includes provisions applicable to public entities. In addition, all states currently have laws governing the provision of special education. Procedural issues Evaluation and Classification The IDEA requires states, and consequently school districts, to establish procedures to assure that all students with disabilities are properly identified and evaluated (IDEA, Â § 1412, a, 2, 1997). Those procedures, along with the test instruments chosen, may not be culturally or racially biased. In fact, students whose language or mode of communication is not English, must be evaluated in their native language or usual mode of communication (IDEA, Â § 1414, b, 3, 1997). The IDEA stipulates that all assessments are to be administered by trained personnel in conformance with the instructions provided by the test producer (IDEA, Â § 1414, b, 2, 1997). If a student is found to be eligible for special education, the school district is required to develop an individualized education program (IEP) for that child, but the IEP can be invalidated if it is based on a flawed evaluation of the child (Bonadonna v. Cooperman, 1985). The student is entitled to an independent evaluation if the parents disagree with the school district’s evaluation. However, the school district is required to pay for the independent evaluation only if the parents can show that the district’s evaluation was not appropriate. If the parents do obtain an independent evaluation, the school district must consider the results of that evaluation (Assistance to the States, Â § 300. 503, 1999). However, that does not mean that the school district must adopt the recommendations of the independent evaluator (G. D. v. Westmoreland School District, 1991). Rights of Parents and Guardians Parents are given considerable due process rights on behalf of their children in the special education process. The intent of the IDEAis for them to become partners with school district personnel in the development of IEPs. The school district must provide the parents with proper notice before it proposes to take any action regarding the child’s identification or placement (IDEA, Â § 1415, b, 3, 1997). The parents must be invited to participate in all meetings in which the student’s evaluation or placement will be considered (Assistance to the States, Â § 300.345, 1999). If the parents disagree with any decisions made by school district personnel, they may seek resolution either through voluntary mediation or an administrative due process hearing. If the parents disagree with the final result of the administrative hearing process, they may appeal to the federal or state courts (IDEA, Â § 1415, 1997). Failure to provide parents with the rights outlined in the IDEA can invalidate an otherwise appropriate IEP (Osborne, 1996). Change in Placement Procedures Once a child has been placed in special education, that placement may not be arbitrarily changed. Again, before any change in placement may occur, the parents must be given proper notification. The child’s placement also may not be changed while any administrative due process or judicial proceedings are pending absent parental consent or a court order (IDEA, Â § 1415, j, 1997). The actual determination of what constitutes a change in placement can be tricky. For example, if a special education classroom was physically moved from one school to another as part of a school district reorganization, that would not be considered a change in placement as long as the student’s IEP could be fully implemented in the new location. By the same token, the usual movement of a student from one level to another (i. e. , elementary to middle school) is not a change in placement if the student’s IEP can be fully implemented after the change (Osborne, 1996). However, any move that would affect the IEP or its implementation would be considered a change in placement. Obviously, changing a child from a resource room situation to a substantially separate class for students with behavioral disorders would be a change in placement. The elimination of a component of the student’s educational program would also constitute a change in placement (Abney v. District of Columbia, 1988). Minor changes are allowable, however. The key to determining whether or not the change is acceptable is how the modification will affect the student’s learning (DeLeon v. Susquehanna Community School District, 1984).

Conceptual Definition of Family

Ingredients for a Family Family is a group of people who can love another person beside himself or herself, give and gain trust, and accept each other for who they are. When people love one another, they’re not concerned about themselves. Being selfless allows more room for love. In a family, members are able to compromise with the ones they love, in order to make the relationship work. Without trust, a family cannot confide in one another. Trusting the members of within the family shows the respect that they have for each other.Respect and trust unite families, giving them a sense of understanding for one another. Being accepted by the family makes people feel assured that they are loved. Diversity in a family also is a part of acceptance, which makes them feel more comfortable. Diversity may also cause conflict, not only in a family but also in social situations. There are many different qualities that make up a family. Love isn’t just an emotion; it’s a feelin g and a sense of comfort. Being surrounded by a family that loves one another is one of the best feelings in the world.Love is the one of the most important qualities a family must have. If there were no love in the family, no one would get along or want to be near each other. In the painting Freedom from Want, by Normal Rockwell, you can see the love between the family through the picture. Everyone is smiling and excited to be around each other (Rockwell 23). You can tell that they love being around everyone because they keep a smile on their faces, which shows happiness. Being loved and loving someone else are two different concepts. Being able to love someone other than oneself takes time and effort.The more time spent between families, the move love begins to grow. I consider love being like a tree. As the tree grows it becomes stronger and larger. The same analogy goes for love between families. As the family grows together, the love between the members gets stronger. Selflessn ess in a family helps the family grow stronger as a whole. It’s nice to care about yourself once in a while but when someone is a part of a family they should care about everyone. Taking care of a family sometimes challenges the members in it.At times you have to give up certain things that may be important to you for another member of the family. There are times in my family when one of us has to sacrifice going out or canceling plans for another member in my family. When my parents want to go out, I have to cancel plans with my friends to watch my sister, but I don’t mind because I know that they sacrifice plans for me all the time. That’s just apart of being selfless. An Indian Story shows a good example of selflessness. Roger Jack states, â€Å"That’s when I walked into her life like a newborn Mathew or Grandpa or the baby she never had† (53).Aunt Greta, from â€Å"An Indian Story† sacrificed having children of her own or remarrying beca use she wanted to take care of her nephew. She knew that she could help him move forward in life and that it would make him happy to live there so welcomed him into her home. By her being selfless, the boy was able to grow up doing well in school, learned from his mistakes, and went to college. Because of Aunt Greta’s actions the boy was able to do well for himself. If everyone in a family were selfish than no one would actually care about anybody.If Aunt Greta were selfish and didn’t allow the boy to live with her, he most likely would have dropped out of school like this stepbrother. To deal with his family issues, he probably would have gotten into drugs and or fights with other kids from his area. If his family was selfish, they wouldn’t of cared about his grades or his feelings, but Aunt Greta wasn’t selfish, she took the love that she had for the boy and took him in to help him grow as a person. Being selfless plays a big part in society also. If a person is brought up being selfless it reflects on the person they are outside of the family.In the article by Anne Lidberg she writes, â€Å"Instead of watching parades on TV or simply chatting, the Yanchunises’ spent the day serving turkey and the trimmings to hundreds of homeless people at the St. Vincent de Paul food center† (Lindberg). Their ritual has been going on for 10 years straight. The children were brought up in a home with parents who were far from selfish. By being selfless at home, they were able to teach their children to be selfless also in society. The love that the children have for their parents reflects on the selflessness that they have. Compromise within a family also ties into being selfless.When compromising with another person in the family, they can make deals that end up working for the both of them. In the visual portfolio there is a picture of a woman with her seven young children. In this picture you can infer that she is a single mother who takes care of her children to the best of her ability (74). This woman is forced to make compromises all of the time just to be able to take care of her children. When my uncle had gotten a divorce he had taken full custody of my cousin Anthony. Being a single parent with a young boy and a full time job became very difficult for him at times.My uncle was still young at the time himself, while all his friends were out in the social scene he was home, watching movies, playing games and cooking for his son. My uncle made may compromises for his son, not because he had too, but because he loved him more than anything. Compromise in a family keeps things fair and understandable. Being the only person in a family that gets to do or get what they want makes the others in the family want to envy and rebel against that member. If you’re able to compromise within the family you can keep everyone happy.Trust isn’t just about knowing someone can keep your secrets, it’s about knowing someone will be there for you when you need to talk, or knowing that they will stick around during your ups and downs. The boy from â€Å"An Indian Story† trusted his Aunt with his wellbeing. The boy also respected his aunt enough to realize that his decision to drink and get into a fight was wrong. He knew that she trusted him to make right decisions and when he went against her, he understood what he had done wrong. If there were no trust between the two he wouldn’t have cared that he went against her wishes.All that she had taught him would have been a waste of her time if she couldn’t trust him. Without trust there is no relationship. Trust is a main ingredient of a family but you also need to have respect for your family. Respecting your elders is a common saying that is used. Although respecting the members of your family that are older than you is important, you should respect all of your family no matter of their age. In the article by Kel ly Weber she states, â€Å"It is important to note that I was given this privacy because I earned it† (Weber).Kelly believes that children and teens should be respected enough to have their privacy once in a while. Although her thoughts on privacy are strong, she also makes it known that she had to earn her privacy by respecting her parents (Weber). Privacy is something that all teens strive to have, including myself. As we get older, we want to be treated as more of an adult and want to be able to be left alone when needed. Privacy is only given if someone is able to trust and respect the other. If someone wants respect, it has to be given. Aunt Greta not only respects her nephew, but his father as well.In the story â€Å"An Indian Boy,† Roger Jack is asked what he plans to do with his life and responds, â€Å"I want to be like you† (54). Aunt Greta didn’t have an issue with the boy’s father; she didn’t think that she was a better role mode l than him. She reminded him that he had a father to think about and look up too. She respected his father enough to remind him that he had a male figure in his life that he could follow in the footsteps of (54). Respect is shared throughout the whole family and is well shown in Roger Jack’s story. Without respect there is no love. When someone doesn’t respect the people around him or her, they won’t be respected.Doing and saying what they want can sometimes harm others because they are inconsiderate. That type of disrespect will not gain someone the respect that they would like to have. When people inside the family do not respect each other, there will be no love shared between the family. Everyone deserves give and gain respect. Being respected and trusted within your family unites everyone and gives everyone a well understanding of each other. Uniting the family doesn’t necessarily mean doing planned out events, it can simply be sharing the dayâ€℠¢s events with each other or eating at the dinner table.In the article by Mary Atuheire she states, â€Å"Brenda Ninsiima has a big and closely knit extended family, so as long as she remembers, she has always spent Christmas with the whole family in the village with her grannies† (Atuheire). Brenda’s family unites on holiday’s to spend time with each other. Some families are only able to spend holidays with each other, while other families like the boy from â€Å"An Indian Story,† can see their family members at any time. Although the boy had already moved out of his home, still was able to unite with his father and ask for advice after he had gotten arrested for drinking in Calgary (55-56).His father had given him the advice that he needed and listened to him while he talked about his hard times. Even though he had moved out, he still was welcomed into his father’s home, uniting the two once again. If his father had shunned him for his home he wo uldn’t of been able to reunite with him. A family that can’t unite with each other won’t want to spend time together. It’s important to unite with ones family once in a while, just to show that they still love being around one another. Being accepted within the family for who they are is an important boost to someone’s confidence.No matter what the outside world thinks of you, your family will always accept the person you are. To be accepted is to feel loved and appreciated. In the story â€Å"Looking For Work,† Soto didn’t think that his family was accepted by the outside world. He watched TV shows that showed the perfect American family, but what he didn’t realize was that those TV shows aren’t reality, no family is perfect. Soto’s family accepted each other for who they were. Although they had no money, no materialistic items, and didn’t live the life shown on TV they were still a family that loved each other through their hard times.If Soto’s family couldn’t accept their living situation or one another they wouldn’t have been a family (26-31). Without acceptance there would have been no support system or feeling of comfort. Diversity can be within a family or out in society. Diversity is to be different; not like the rest. Whether being diverse within your family means that you have a different sexual preference, different religion, or different heritage, your family will still accept you for the person you are. Soto’s sister expresses. â€Å"They’ll never like us† (Soto 30).Soto’s idealistic family was the white American families that were shown on comic television shows. These families would all be dressed for dinner, had toys that would fill their closets, didn’t get beatings or got into arguments, and were kissed and tucked into bed every night. His family was the typical Mexican American family back in the 1950’s that weren’t respected, had no money, and had to work for the bare minimum. Soto believed that the differences between his family and normal American families, was the reason why in his mind, his family was â€Å"wrong†.Without diversity, all families would be alike, all traditions would be the same, they’re would be no differences. When everyone is the same, life becomes boring. The best part about having diversity in this world is for the simple fact that everyone can learn about different things from each other. Although diversity is a big part of being a family, so is conflict. In situations of conflict aren’t always within the family, but within society also. Some people in the world don’t accept the fact that people are different which causes conflict. In the article by E. W.Carp states â€Å" Leading experts challenges the myth that lesbians and gay men are unfit to adopt† (Carp 1539). Being apart of a family with same sex parents cau ses conflict in society. Some people in this world are unable to understand that no matter what sex people are, they are still capable of having and raising a family with all the love they have inside of them. Some families who have a mother and a father are more unfit to raise a family than families with two mothers or two fathers. Gays and lesbians are afraid to try and adopt because of the conflict they might cause in society.Diversity in society may cause conflict but, conflict makes the world grow, making it not so much of a negative aspect. Soto on the other hand, causes a conflict within his family when he brings up his idea to get dressed up for dinner. Although he is considering the fact of trying to act more sophisticated, his sister believes that he shouldn’t care what people think of their family because, society will never like them for who they are (Soto 29). Even though Soto started a conflict between siblings, people in this world will start an argument becaus e of the way some one acts or looks.Some may think that a family that doesn’t deal with conflict is a drama free family, but without a conflict once in a while a family wouldn’t be able to overcome their problems together. These conflicts, either external or internal, make a family stronger. A family joins together as one to love, trust and accept each other through even the hardest of times. Love within families is the largest component to making up a family. Consider love like a tree, the branches are made of selflessness, compromise, trust, respect, unity, acceptance, diversity, and conflict.Without the branches on the tree, it wouldn’t look like a tree. The same goes for a family. Love without the rest of the components wouldn’t be considered a family. Family in my opinion, are the only people who welcomed you into this world and will be the only people who stay by your side through the journey life brings. It’s important to always remember tha t your family will love you for what you do, trust you to do your best, and accept you for who you are. Works Cited Carp, E. W. â€Å"Adoption By Lesbians and Gay Men: A New Dimension in Family Diversity. CHOICE: Current Reviews for Academic Libraries. Apr. 2012: 1539+. General OneFile. Web. 25 June 2012. â€Å"Family Values – Bonds of Unity and Love. † Africa News Service 19 Dec. 2011. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 28 June 2012. Jack, Roger. â€Å"An Indian Story. † Rereading America. 8th Ed. Gary Colombo, Robert Cullen and Bonnie Lisle. Boston: Bedford, 2010. 52-60. Print. Lindberg, Anne. â€Å"A FAMILY SERVES UP KINDNESS; This holiday ritual is a feast of selflessness. † St. Petersburg Times [St. Petersburg, FL] 27 Nov. 2009: 1B. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 28 June 2012.Rockwell, Norman. â€Å"Freedom from Want. † Rereading America. 8th Ed. Gary Colombo, Robert Cullen and Bonnie Lisle. Boston: Bedford, 2010. (23). Prin t. Soto, Gary. â€Å"Looking for Work. † Rereading America. 8th Ed. Gary Colombo, Robert Cullen and Bonnie Lisle. Boston: Bedford, 2010. 26-31. Print. â€Å"Visual Portfolio. † Rereading America. 8th Ed. Gary Colombo, Robert Cullen and Bonnie Lisle. Boston: Bedford, 2010. 74. Print. Weber, Kelly. â€Å"Teens Should Have a Right to Privacy That Is Earned. † Teens and Privacy. Ed. Noel Merino. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2011. Current Controversies. Web. 25 June 2012.

A Perfect Civil War novel- Red Badge of Courage essays

A Perfect Civil War novel- Red Badge of Courage essays Throughout the course of human literature new styles and eras rise and fall due to the fickleness and uncertainty of the public. Eventually a new book comes along, the perfect book, the book that bridges the gap between two literary eras and starts a new literary movement all in one publication. At the end of the nineteenth century a young man named Stephen Crane announced the publication of his new book, The Red Badge of Courage. Cranes success began almost over night, and more completely than any other book had done for many years, had taken the reading public by storm. Critics often criticized Crane for his lifestyle and mysterious appearance; many wonder what inspired this man to write this perfect Civil War novel. An authors inspiration can come from the widest array of things in the world, but Cranes were not anything new. Crane utilized what most authors would, he collected his experiences from his childhood and home life, he used the popular literary influences of the time pe riod, and he gathered his experiences from college. These influences are apparent throughout the novel, between Cranes riveting battle descriptions and picturesque descriptions of nature it is evident that authors do include their own lives into their writing. At the end of every era there is a pivotal piece of work that makes the transition into the next era. The Red Badge of Courage is the pivotal American piece of literature that divides the nineteenth and twentieth centuries yet at the same times bridges the gap between the eras. The Red Badge of Courage was published in 1895, just thirty years after the Civil War. Much conflict and duress still lay throughout the country and Stephen Crane took all that in and wrote a book about it. An early English critic, Sydney Brooks, was totally convinced by Cranes depictions of combat, and assumed that Crane had fought in the Civil War. If Red Badge of Courage were altogether...

Greece drama essays

Greece drama essays In 500 B.C. Greek theatre was the most command way of entertainment. It is important to understand that drama began in the Greek world as a form of religion ritual, but it was good entertainment especially if it contained a lot of blood or gore. Greek drama was not only performed in the theatre itself but also performed for special occasions such as festivals. The actors sometimes performed competitively for prizes that were awarded. The drama was closely associated with religion; the stories were mainly based on myth or history. The theater consists of a large circular orchestra, or a dancing floor, for the chorus. More than half of its circumference is surrounded by the audience. The scene or stage is behind the orchestra, facing the audience. The side of the scene facing the audience, served as a back round. It was decorated as a palace or a temple. The flat roof of the scene was dedicated to the gods, which was called the Theologion. The scene had one of three entrances for the actors. Between the scene and the seats was the other two entrances called Parodoi. If someone was coming from the right of the parodos, that meant he was coming form the city or the port. If he came form the left, he was coming form the fields or abroad. The front seats for the audience were called the Proedria and were reserved for officials and the priests. There were three types of drama that were composed, tragedy, comedy, and satyr plays. Tragedy and comedy were distinguished in many ways. There was the Aristotelian tradition that describes tragedy as a drama which concerns better than average people, like heroes, kings, and gods, who undergo an alteration of good fortune to bad fortune. This serves the purpose of purging the soul of the fear and pity. Tragedy usually dealt with myths, or events that come from the recent past which had become myths. The important thing was that the audience had some recollection of the story...

Talking About Pop Music and Musicians

Talking About Pop Music and Musicians Getting teenagers and younger students to talk can be a real challenge. This lesson focuses on using a True or False game as a means of motivation to get them discussing their favorite types of music and musicians. Pop Music Lesson Plan Aim: Getting teenage students to converse in English Activity: True of False game Level: Intermediate Outline: Activate vocabulary by asking students about a number of musicians, names of instruments, verbs used in speaking about music, etc.Divide the students into small groups and give the students the Music: True or False handout.Ask students to discuss each statement and decide if it is true or false giving reasons for their decision.Go through each statement selecting a student from each group to give their opinion Scoring: one point for a correct answer, 0 points for a simple true or false, one point for an explanation, one point for a grammatically correct explanation. Total possible points on any given question: Three. One for the correct answer, one for an explanation, and an extra point for a grammatically correct answer. Extend exercise by having students create True or False statements of their own to be shared with other groups. Music: True or False Decide if each statement is true or false. Explain to members of your group why you think the answer is true or false. The Back Street Boys were originally named The Boys Next DoorMadonna has decided to give up her career in singing and become a nun beginning in 2002.Elvis Presley said, I dont know anything about music. In my line you dont have to.Rock and Roll music was first approved of by the US Government because of its patriotic message during World War II.In its early years, rock and roll music was believed to make teenagers crazy, drug-deranged, and/or promiscuous.Rap music star - Vanilla Ices real name is Robert Van Winkle.The Spice Girls have all been trained as classical musicians. Each member of the group is not only a wonderful singer, but can also play an instrument at a professional level.In 1994, singer/musician Paul McCartney sent back his razor, shaving cream, and other products to the Gillette Co. to protest the manufacturers use of animals in the product testing.Luciano Pavarotti cant read music.The Red Hot Chili Peppers are based in Spokane, Washington where they grew up. Keep reading to find the correct answers to these statements. True or False Game Answers See how well you did! The Back Street Boys were originally named The Boys Next Door -  FALSE Madonna has decided to give up her career in singing and become a nun beginning in 2002. -  FALSE Elvis Presley said, I dont know anything about music. In my  line  you dont have to. -  TRUE Rock and Roll music was first approved of by the US Government because of its patriotic message during World War II. -  FALSE In its early years, rock and roll music was believed to make teenagers crazy, drug-deranged, and/or promiscuous. -  TRUE Rap music star - Vanilla Ices real name is Robert Van Winkle. -  TRUE The Spice Girls have all been trained as classical musicians. Each member of the group is not only a wonderful  singer,  but can also play an instrument at a professional level. -  FALSE In 1994, singer/musician Paul McCartney sent back his razor, shaving cream, and other products to the Gillette Co. to protest the manufacturers use of animals in the product testing. -  TRUE Luciano Pavarotti cant read music. -  TRUE The Red Hot Chili Peppers are based in Spokane, Washington where they grew up. -  FALSE

European Climate and Clean Energy Law and Policy Essay

European Climate and Clean Energy Law and Policy - Essay Example With the increment in the amount of energy that is used as the world population grows, it is important to have this kind of regulation so that majority of the companies that are providing energy indulge themselves into the renewable sources of energy and nonrenewable. This will help since these forms of energy do not get exhausted. One factor that is to be regulated when it comes to energy is on the production of various forms of nonrenewable energy that do not have preventive measures to the environment and the consumers in term of their health. This requires the energy generating companies not to have a lust for lucrative amounts of money from consumers but also care on the duration that these forms take while being used and their side effects (Elizabeth, Waelde, and  Janeth, 2005). It is important for the companies that are producing the various forms of energy to ensure that the kinds of energy that they are producing are environmentally friendly and that they do not pose any harm to the surrounding. Proper conservation and management of the environment are quite ideal since it is a habitat for several organisms that are also using the energy. Environmental protection begins with the effects of the energy that is produced itself, the gaseous emissions that are released during the production, and the liquid effluents too. It is also important to consider certain types of energy such as the water that is stored in the reservoir; it should not also pose environmental hazards too. Nobel peace prize winner Wangari Mathai used to say â€Å"If you destroy nature, nature will destroy you†. It is therefore in order to try and conserve the environment and all the resources and facilities that are within the environment regardless of the amount that is n the proxi mity, all count (Kim, 2013).

Civil Rights & Civil Liberties Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Civil Rights & Civil Liberties - Essay Example In this case, political rights are lined up with other civil rights and liberty Civil rights in America are enshrined in the Civil Act of 1964. The Act was enacted during the presidency of John Kennedy, who rose to power in the year 1960. A large number of contemporary have a bill of rights or a constitutional document that seeks and enumerate to guarantee civil rights. In the united state of America, several constitutional amendments have been effected to ensure that every person enjoys civil rights to unlimited levels. In addition, additional clauses have been enacted to the 1964 Act to ensure that the government of the day does not undermine them (Baker, Thomas, 2006). During the 2008 run-off for presidential elections, the then senator for Illinois delivered a highly spirited campaign speech that was full of charming promises. Political analysts declared that should the pledges embedded in the speech be actualized, the Americans would experience excellent political and economic atmosphere. In the speech, commonly known as ‘’a more perfect union’’, Obama explained the electorates the steps he would take to reduce the poverty index in the united state of America. To eliminate the gap between the poor and the rich, Obama outlined the tax measures that his government would implement. The policy would exempt the poor from bearing tax burden, and hence more income would be available for their use (Baker, Thomas, 2006). Concerning the war in Iraq, the then-senator advocated for immediate withdraw of American troops. In his speech, he asserted that a long lasting solution would be established through consultative engagements, not through military operation. In addition, Obama promised good working condition for all workers and increased social security for retiree. Furthermore, he promised to improve the economy so as to cut down on unemployment and reformed heath sector. To a large extent, the

ITPM Best Practices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

ITPM Best Practices - Essay Example ITPM best practice of moving incrementally, that is, starting with the smaller spending categories significantly improves the return on investments. Implementing ITPM as a part of a large IT governance program improves the value of IT investments in an organization. The ITPM process is the same but the approach may differ depending on the type of business and the priorities set for the overall goals within the organization. For example, ITPM approach in a manufacturing company differs from the approach in a corporate environment. Manufacturing industries projects are not aligned with the resources that they implement or allocate for their areas since many products are wasted and during manufacture, and there is a high-turnover rate of employment that leads to reduced productivity (Best Practices in IT Portfolio Management, n.d). Terminating the risk, Avoidance - It is considered as the best strategy and thus more effort should be invested in investigating it wherever possible. Avoidance or elimination requires that a task or project is not done in the future. It also means that a process or work is redesigned so as to avoid the risky step. Transferring the risk, Transfer - In the transfer, another party is caused to accept the risk through contracting or hedging. An example of risk transfer is the insurance that uses contracts. Also, fund managers or brokerage firms use hedging to manage financial risks. Treating the risk, Mitigation - It involves reducing the impact of a particular risk. The approach is considered when the risk is not avoidable or transferable, and thus, the strategy is expected to keep the loss or damage at acceptable levels. Best Practices in IT Portfolio Management: MIT Sloan Management Review. (n.d.). MIT Sloan Management Review RSS. Retrieved from

The Appalachians in North America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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Prolife When does life begin Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Prolife When does life begin - Research Paper Example And to put forward one probable response to this query. The query will be tackled principally from a scientific point of view. Science has a large number of things to say on the subject of when human life begins, and despite the fact that it is a section that is commonly misconstrued or thrown away, there are issues scientists make out concerning human progression (Johansen 8). This information is totally pertinent to whichever debate concerning human life. Every person who takes on a rigid outlook on the subject of the making of human life has a requirement to be alert of what is deemed as scientific truth, and to give a reason for this in their viewpoint, even if they incorporate this information into a wrap up dissimilar than that of the common, scientific society. Nowadays we know much more regarding the physical facets of human life than we distinguished even five years ago. It is reckless to keep on debating over the same matters, to select, to outline laws, and to arrive at ethical conclusions, exclusive of at least trying to acce ss the riches of information obtainable. Science necessitates not be in disagreement with individual or spiritual certainties. Science explores realism it looks for realistic and indubitable truths; accuracy is steady, and thus each piece of scientific know-how fits into one of two classifications: either it assists to clarify the truth, or it is in inaccuracy and thus it is technically defective and will in due course be invalidated. That is the magnificence of science: idyllically it is self-approving. Refuting an established theory is as a lot, if not more, of a scientific achievement than adding supporting substantiation. An elementary intention of science is to prove itself mistaken, and that is why it is such an idea area from which to collect information (Johansen 12). Proper science has no reason to misinform. The

The Appalachians in North America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Appalachians in North America - Essay Example Mitchell., Additionally, the Appalachian mountain ranges also include ridges and valleys1. Appalachian is a name that is believed to have been derived from the Apalachee Indians who were believed to be the pioneers of the place and were mostly woodsmen. Early Appalachian was full of valleys and huge gaps that were not easily navigable thus hindering transportation and various activities. This writing analyses some of the significance of the Appalachian Mountains both in geographical perspective and in the society. The Appalachian Mountains re of great importance as far as recreational matters are concerned since it has numerous parks and also the Appalachian Trail which is mostly used by stout hikers globally. The mountain ranges remain one of the most significant geographical and historical features in the world especially due to its uniqueness and size as well as its old age. Perhaps if the Appalachians could have been located in a different place it could still maintain its geogra phical influence but different cultural and economic influence2. The mountains could not affect the natives or the first settlers equally because there must have been different cultural background of the settlers. Suppose the Appalachians could have been located in Africa or Asia, initially the name and the culture of people around it would have been traced back to the original African or Asian culture. Even economic and social activities would have either slightly or greatly changed. Some of the features of the mountains especially the ice cover and vegetation cover may have also been altered depending on the climate and activities taking place in that particular region3. This is one of the pictures of some of the National Parks found within the Appalachian region which is known as Shenandoah National Park in the Blue Ridge Mountains in western Virginia4. Culture of the people living around the Appalachian Mountains was a mixture of different cultures from England, Scotland and Ger many settlers who were seeking land, freedom and new opportunities thus making the region multi-cultural region especially at the modern age when most people around the world have gone to seek for employment. Some Americans also think that the Appalachians are not well educated and all these could be attributed to the fact that the regions’ topography could not favor infrastructural development. The Appalachians are not as civilized as other parts of America and are sometimes referred to as hicks, rednecks and hillbillies. The Appalachians greatly consider family values and togetherness5. European settlers greatly influenced the social disruption that also brought about environmental disruption especially due to introduction of plants and animals from Europe. The indigenous however initially depended on the valuable resources provided by the Appalachia region such as wildlife to be hunted, fish from the sparkling rivers as well as logs that helped them in building houses6. Th ere were also some unique cultures such as casual mountain dances practiced by the Appalachians. It is also worth noting that most of the Appalachians could not fully dwell on farming because the mountains were rocky and hilly thus hindering their ability to make a living out of farming. This led to some disheartening conditions such as widespread of poverty that eventually led to widespread disease infections and malnutrition amongst the population specifically the children7. Economic activities within the Appalachian regions varied from fishing, farming, manufacturing and commerce. There are also notable coals as well as natural gas in the Appalachian plateau as well as

Finance and Public Administrators Research Paper

Finance and Public Administrators - Research Paper Example There are also a number of roads that need to be repaired and the plan is to start with the ones that have the greatest need. In addition to those capital requirements the expenses relating to the day to day operations of the city needs to be taken into account. Non-profit organizations play a useful role in the city and so a certain level of funding is normally made available to them so that they can continue to achieve their goals. The Budget According to Horngren et al (2000, p. 178 -180), a budget is the financial plan of an organization which is communicated in quantitative terms. It forms a blueprint for management to follow in an upcoming period and outlines the operational goals for a specific period of time. It states where financial resources will come from and what they will be used for. Planning is achieved through the budgeting process and forms the basis for decisions made by management. Horngren further states that budgets represent a major aspect management control sy stems. As long as they are administered in an appropriate manner they have the following characteristics. they compel planning they provide criteria for performance; and they promote the coordination and communication of activities in the organization. Planning is a major function of the budget as it seeks to quantify the plan. The plan specifies the type, quantity and quality of services that will be provided, estimating the costs and deciding how they will be paid for. The Council prepares the estimates of income than will be generated from various services provided at a cost by the city. These services include and are not limited to transportation, water and sewage. Other income generators include property tax and corporation tax, and income tax. The expenditure includes both capital and current expenditures. The performance criteria are useful both for staff and for sub-contractors who perform jobs in the city. They set the standard for achieving the goals and objectives of the departments. In coordinating and communicating the plan all the management personnel in these departments coordinate the tasks for their subordinates so that the goals of Council will be achieved. The objectives of the departments are communicated in such a way that they are clearly understood by employees. Controlling and administering the budget helps to ensure that resources are obtained and expended based on plans. Budgets are used to monitor the flow of resources to ensure that they are used as intended and that there are no significant over-runs. According to Chan (2009) the annual budget prepared in the public sector is not only a planning document but also includes projections of revenue collection as the law authorizes well as information on expenditure that has been proposed by executives and approved by the legislature. This implies that the budget is used as tool for management control as well legislative oversight. Any transactions and activities undertaken have to be i n keeping with the budget. Chan (2009) indicates that this type of accounting is described as management accounting in business and budgetary accounting in the public sector. It is in this same way that the City Council will go about controlling and managing public funds. Table 2 shows a summary version of the city’s budget for the fiscal year ending 31st March 2012. Summary of Budgeted Expenditure for the Fiscal Year Ending 31 March 2012 Budget Allocation/Revenue $10,000,0000

Satyam Case Study Essay Example for Free

Satyam Case Study Essay The Satyam Computer Services scandal was a corporate scandal that occurred in India in 2009 where chairman Ramalinga Raju confessed that the companys accounts had been falsified. The Global corporate community was shocked and scandalised when the chairman of Satyam, Ramalinga Raju resigned on 7 January 2009 and confessed that he had manipulated the accounts by US$1.47-Billion. Contents [hide] 1 Role of Auditors 2 Aftermath 3 New CEO and special advisors 4 Acquisition by Mahindra Group 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Role of Auditors[edit source | editbeta] PricewaterhouseCoopers was the statutory auditor of Satyam Computer Services when the report of scandal in the account books of Satyam Computer Services was broke out. The Indian arm of PwC was fined $6 million by US Securities and Exchange Commission for not following the code of conduct and auditing standards while pursuing its duties while auditing the accounts of Satyam Computer Services.[1] Aftermath[edit source | editbeta] Ramalingam Raju along with 2 other accused of the scandal, had been granted bail from Supreme court on 4 November 2011 as the investigation agency CBI failed to file the chargesheet even after more than 33 months Raju being arrested. Raju had appointed a task force to address the Maytas situation in the last few days before revealing the news of the accounting fraud. After the scandal broke, the then-board members elected Ram Mynampati to be Satyams interim CEO. Mynampatis statement on Satyams website said: We are obviously shocked by the contents of the letter. The senior leaders of Satyam stand united in their commitment to customers, associates, suppliers and all shareholders. We have gathered together at Hyderabad to strategize the way forward in light of this startling revelation. On 10 January 2009, the Company Law Board decided to bar the current board of Satyam from functioning and appoint 10 nominal directors. The current board has failed to do what they are supposed to do. The credibility of the IT industry should not be allowed to suffer. said Corporate Affairs Minister Prem Chand Gupta. Chartered accountants regulator ICAI issued show-cause notice to Satyams auditor PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) on the accounts fudging. We have asked PwC to reply within 21 days, ICAI President Ved Jain said. On the same day, the Crime Investigation Department (CID) team picked up Vadlamani Srinivas, Satyams then-CFO, for questioning. He was arrested later and kept in judicial custody.[2] On 11 January 2009, the government nominated noted banker Deepak Parekh, former NASSCOM chief Kiran Karnik and former SEBI member C Achuthan to Satyams board. Analysts in India have termed the Satyam scandal Indias own Enron scandal.[3] Some social commentators see it more as a part of a broader problem relating to Indias caste-based, family-owned corporate environment.[4] Immediately following the news, Merrill Lynch (now a part of Bank of America) and State Farm Insurance terminate d its engagement with the company. Also, Credit Suisse suspended its coverage of Satyam.[citation needed]. It was also reported that Satyams auditing firm PricewaterhouseCoopers will be scrutinised for complicity in this scandal. SEBI, the stock market regulator, also said that, if found guilty, its license to work in India may be revoked.[5][6][7][8][9] Satyam was the 2008 winner of the coveted Golden Peacock Award for Corporate Governance under Risk Management and Compliance Issues,[10] which was stripped from them in the aftermath of the scandal.[11] The New York Stock Exchange has halted trading in Satyam stock as of 7 January 2009.[12] Indias National Stock Exchange has announced that it will remove Satyam from its SP CNX Nifty 50-share index on 12 January.[13] The founder of Satyam was arrested two days after he admitted to falsifying the firms accounts. Ramalinga Raju is charged with several offences, including criminal conspiracy, breach of trust, and forgery. Satyams shares fell to 11.50 rupees on 10 January 2009, their lowest level since March 1998, compared to a high of 544 rupees in 2008.[14] In New York Stock Exchange Satyam shares peaked in 2008 at US$29.10; by March 2009 they were trading around US$1.80. The Indian Government has stated that it may provide temporary direct or indirect liquidity support to the company. However, whether employment will continue at pre-crisis levels, particularly for new recruits, is questionable .[15] On 14 January 2009, Price Waterhouse, the Indian division of PricewaterhouseCoopers, announced that its reliance on potentially false information provided by the management of Satyam may have rendered its audit reports inaccurate and unreliable.[16] On 22 January 2009, CID told in court that the actual number of employees is only 40,000 and not 53,000 as reported earlier and that Mr. Raju had been allegedly withdrawing 200 million (US$3 million) every month for paying these 13,000 non-existent employees.[17] New CEO and special advisors[edit source | editbeta] On 5 February 2009, the six-member board appointed by the Government of India named A. S. Murthy as the new CEO of the firm with immediate effect. Murthy, an electrical engineer, has been with Satyam since January 1994 and was heading the Global Delivery Section before being appointed as CEO of the company. The two-day-long board meeting also appointed Homi Khusrokhan (formerly with Tata Chemicals) and Partho Datta, a Chartered Accountant as special advisors.[18][19] Acquisition by Mahindra Group[edit source | editbeta] On 13 April 2009, via a formal public auction process, a 46% stake in Satyam was purchased by Mahindra Mahindra owned company Tech Mahindra, as part of its diversification strategy. Effective July 2009, Satyam rebranded its services under the new Mahindra management as Mahindra Satyam. After a delay due to tax issues[20][21] Tech Mahindra announced its merger with Mahindra Satyam on 21 March 2012, after the board of two companies gave the approval.[22][23] The companies are merged legally on 25 June 2013.[24][25] See also[edit source | editbeta]

Life History Interview with Elderly Person

Life History Interview with Elderly Person Interview with an Older Person Christopher Mason Introduction Dr. Cheryl Lynn Robley is a 66 year old Caucasian female who currently lives in a retirement community in the Mississippi coastal town of Gulfport. She moved there from Tennessee to be near her son and two grand-daughters after being widowed a little over four years ago. While she enjoys being near her family, Dr. Robley explains it has been difficult adjusting to not only living alone, but also coming to grips with a new environment and an older age. Being brought up in a small southern farm town in West Tennessee during the 1950s and 60s, she attributes her commitment to care to her family, particularly her father. It was perhaps his encouragement and love that played the biggest role in her need to succeed not just as a woman, but also as a professional. She recalls that her first memory is of a trip to the store with him when she was four years old. Cheryl remembers walking hand in hand with her father as he looked at her and said, â€Å"Well, I’m with my best girl and sh e’s shinin’ bright as a star† (Dr. C. L. Robley, personal communication, August 1, 2014). Dr. Robley’s life has seemingly been one marked with challenge, opportunity, loss, as well as a desire to make a contribution to future generations. Childhood and Adolescence Normal growth and development has historically been described in relation to eight phases of maturation. Psycho-analyst, Eric Erikson, deemed these goals of intrinsic worth gained through personal development as, â€Å"trust, autonomy, initiative, industry, identity, intimacy, generativity, and integrity† (Sigelman Rider, 2014). While it is important to recognize that Erikson’s theory provides the framework of individual development through the cycle of eight defining moments, he makes no specification to the differences that gender or socioeconomics may play in the role of the life-span. Perhaps the first precipitating stressors that one can recognize in Dr. Robley’s life was when she was only twelve years old. An excellent example that follows the components of Stuart’s Stress Model occurred when Cheryl lost her three year old brother to Leukemia. The death of a loved one can be not only the test of how well an individual uses their resources to cope, but can also be a test of the resources for an entire family. As a child, Cheryl grew up active in her church and community and she found that there was solace in both of her grand-mother’s homes. She remembers that her piano lessons went on, as her classes at school did, but the death of her younger brother was too much for her mother to bear. Cheryl said that she had to become the mother to her younger sister. â€Å"It was hard to be thrust into a role that I knew nothing about† (Dr. C. L. Robley, personal communication, August 1, 2014). During this phase children re-analyze their individu ality to discover the function that they will fill as adults. Failure to substantiate a personalized identity during this period of time can lead to role confusion and can cause a person to be uncertain of their identity inside society (Santrock, 2011). The biopsychosocial components of Stuart’s Stress Model suggest that Cheryl had the predisposition as well as strong family relationships that enhanced her ability to respond to grief in an adaptive rather than a maladaptive manner. She states that although her sister, one year younger, was not aware of the seriousness of their brother’s illness, she [Cheryl] knew that her bother would die because she looked up his diagnosis. She listened and observed everything around her, and those things that she did not understand, she either asked one of her grand-mothers about or looked up in an encyclopedia. This served as a background and education that prepared her to deal with the weight of death at such a young age (Stuart, 2 012). Erikson surmised that the relationships and conflicts a child confronts in society, specifically with the family, allows a child to begin to develop an ego and personality through their experience with â€Å"trust versus mistrust†. The possibility of positive outcomes through this life-stage, as with every other virtue, is a double-edged sword. An individual’s experience upon being challenged or threatened is a unique response that swings the spectrum of the maladaptive to the adaptive continuum of coping (Erikson, 1950; Stuart, 2012). Cheryl’s father, who was a science and math teacher, owned the large farm she grew up on, and later became Tennessee’s largest cotton crop farmer. Her mother was a high school beauty queen who was also a teacher for a short time before becoming a full-time house-wife and mother of four daughters. As a teenager, Cheryl was her church’s pianist, played basketball, and graduated as her high school’s valedictorian. She felt acceptance and pride from her father and most of her family. She always felt an obvious disconnect from her mother that had a negative effect on her self-concept as a female. She gained confidence through her accomplishments, and enjoyed making her father proud. At a young age she began to establish her identity within a society. Her mother’s critical nature probably had some lasting effect and could have contributed to role confusion and negative self-image, if her father had not played such a prominent role in her life. Cheryl says , â€Å"Into young adulthood I became not only his confidant, but he truly valued my opinion. During the holidays, the other women were in the kitchen, my father asked me to sit and converse with the men† (Dr. C. L. Robley, personal communication, August 1, 2014). Young Adulthood Cheryl also gained acceptance from her peers who voted her most likely to succeed in her senior class superlatives election. In 1968, she was accepted to Vanderbilt University in Nashville Tennessee. As she moved away from home, she began to have more control over her social circles and environment. Cheryl continued her high school success as an academic, asserting her independence. Cheryl says, â€Å"While college was an adventure in exploration, I had been instilled with a belief system; unlike some of the other students I did not go wild† (Dr. C. L. Robley, personal communication, August 1, 2014). According to Erikson, this stage of life can be a struggle between willpower and impulsivity and a balance between the two factors tends to give way to purpose and direction (Erikson, 1950). One of the more salient proponents of Stuart’s Stress Model is the individual’s choice, emotional, behavioral, and psychological response in life when risk is encountered. Cheryl discussed her time at Vanderbilt as the point at which she found her voice. After joining a sorority, â€Å"the girls tried to tell me who I could and could not be friends with† (Dr. C. L. Robley, personal communication, August 1, 2014). This was a clear test of how Cheryl would adapt to the consequences of potential injury of being judged in a life situation. She dropped out of the sorority and was friends with who she wanted to be friends with. Cheryl knew that her father had wanted to be a physician, and in college she was working toward this goal until confronted with her first psychology class. Dr. Robley says, â€Å"That one class certainly put my life on a very different track† (Dr. C. L. Robley, personal communication, August 1, 2014). After being given her typical Vanderbilt co-ed card by fraternity row, and three years of hard work, she graduated with a baccalaureate degree in psychology. She began graduate school at the University of Tennessee at Knoxville (UTK) with the coveted Veteran’s Administration (VA) scholarship. Even though Cheryl was very intelligent, she was quite reserved. At UTK, she was confronted with the first of her professors who cursed incessantly for shock appeal. Cheryl says that she turned red in every single class and stayed red until the end. She focused all of her energy on not letting this professor get the best of her. For Dr. Robley, learning to curse, became a defense mechanism. (Stuart, 2012). Cheryl was told by her professor and advisor that she was instinctually a diagnostician, and a natural therapist. She was one of three females in the Psychological Doctorate of Philosophy (Ph.D.) program at UTK in the early 70s. Cheryl said that is was very different from being in a program now. One difference was the data processor she used was the size of a small room and utilized punch cards. After-all, personal computers were yet to be invented. It was the time after the Vietnam War when psychology was a young science, as were many other innovative technologies we use today. She considers herself extremely lucky to have found and excelled at a skill that she was inherently good at and could be of help to so many people. It gave meaning to who she was, and affirmed her place in society. Dr. Robley is very familiar with the works of Erikson, Freud, and Maslow. She believes that in essence each of their theories effectively parallel one another in characterizing the cycle of action and reaction during growth patterns. â€Å"Each of Erikson’s stages or crises, must occur and in sequence, but the lines that separate these stages, do blur. People mature at different rates† (Dr. C. L. Robley, personal communication, August 1, 2014). Dr. Robley had the opportunity to do internships in Miami and Houston; she extraordinarily was also trained by the Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI). Once Cheryl became Dr. Robley, she was hired as the director of the Alcohol and Drug (A D) unit at Moccasin Bend Psychiatric Hospital in Chattanooga Tennessee. It was the first year that the A D unit was open. Because funds were very limited, she and other employees completed the painting, renovations, and made quilts for the patient beds. She had complete autonomy. She interviewed and hired every nurse and orderly that would work in that unit. As a woman in such a position of authority, she found that the employees interested in helping the community were willing to follow her lead. However, every Friday, she met with the board of the hospital by which she was talked over and ignored until she remembered the shock factor of cursing. They did not expect her as a 5’ 2† 115 lb. girl to climb onto the conference table and pace back and forth in 3 inch heels cursing at the top of her lungs. She knew she made a risky choice that could have cost her career, but this smoky ro om full of middle aged men was uncharted territory for a young woman. In Stuart’s Model, the appraisal of stressors occurs when one gives cognitive meaning to previous loss, the weight of a potential obstacle, or challenge that emphasizes the chance of gain as opposed to the risk of loss (Stuart, 2012). In the 1970s, Cheryl would never have been successful as Dr. Robley without this kind of resilience, hardiness and self-assurance. Cheryl met Talle, a brazen artist that worked as a medical technician. When they met in her office, he propped his work boots on top of her desk and said, â€Å"You’re good, and I don’t know when you’re bluffing, but you are bluffing some of the time. No one as young as you are knows as much as you claim to know† (Dr. C. L. Robley, personal communication, August 1, 2014). Cheryl says that the only logical conclusion that she could draw was, â€Å"here is a challenge† (Dr. C. L. Robley, personal communication, August 1, 2014). They began dating. Cheryl says, â€Å"This was the time of my life† (Dr. C. L. Robley, personal communication, August 1, 2014). Although they were a perfect match, he never wore anything but blue jeans and she had never owned even one pair. Cheryl remembers that when she was in school the girls were required to wear skirts. When it snowed in Tennessee, she got to her class on the other side of the hill by sledding down t he icy slope on a piece of cardboard in a pencil skirt. She wasn’t completely demure. Cheryl laughs and recalls going to class to take an exam close to the holidays in a trench coat with nothing underneath. Middle Adulthood In 1976, the couple were pregnant and married. According to Erikson, â€Å"love and affiliation†, and whether one is emotionally and physically available to become intimate is one of the more important stages in an adult’s personal life (Erikson, 1950). Cheryl and Talle had a daughter, and three years later, a son as well. At this time, the family moved back to Cheryl’s home town of Jackson Tennessee; she opened a private practice that flourished. Her children were her greatest happiness and she was able to support her husband’s artistic talent as the breadwinner, but it was really being able to give back to the community she grew up in that made her feel like all of her hard work had been worth-while. Erikson’s outline of human development is very applicable to this statement as his 7th stage, â€Å"generativity versus stagnation†, points out the personal need to help others through there crisis stages or rather to make a difference in this world that one might see as a legacy. Cheryl stated with a shaky voice, â€Å"We were a very happy family, until I began to develop medical problems that no one could have predicted† (Dr. C. L. Robley, personal communication, August 1, 2014). Late Adulthood Dr. Robley developed migraines, degenerative disc disorder, and rheumatological problems around 40 years of age. While these problems began slowly, there were few health care professionals who knew enough about migraines and medication errors to effectively treat her. She continued working, even vomiting between patient sessions. She felt that there might be hope when she became aware of sumatriptan. While it was not available in the United States at that time, she was able to have it shipped from the Netherlands and later Canada. For a year it allowed her to resume work completely, as well as her life. The miracle of this resolution seemed to come to an end in one fell swoop. Developing an ischemic attack that resulted in a blocked artery left her unable to continue using the triptans for migraine relief. Physicians not knowing what to do, over-prescribed steroids for the inflammation which also caused her to develop diabetes mellitus type II. She was forced to close her practice an d allow both social security and private disability to pay for her medical bills and support her family. Cheryl and her husband had both always loved the freedom of being self-employed, however hard the work might have been. However, Talle shifted his focus from his own work to become a college professor of art. Dr. Robley feels that she has lost so much of what she has worked hard for and after losing her husband, has found herself to be more isolated and less involved in life. She has effectively disengaged. She says that she has fought for years and no longer owns a house or has any of the nice things that she once had. Although she sees her son and two grand-daughters most every week, and talks with her daughter who lives across the country; she for the first time in her life is not just alone, but lonely. Erikson was frugal in his utilization of the word achieve in the linguistic context of productive results, because it was implicit of gaining something distinct and everlasting. The psychosocial evolution is not straightforward and is not permanent: any former crisis can successfully return to anyone, albeit in a dissimilar pretext, with productive or unproductive outcomes. This perchance helps explain how high achievers can utterly fail, and how unsuccessful persons can in the end become ‘high achievers’. No-one should become contented, and there is promise for us all. (Amory, 2012, p. 253) Conclusion Dr. Robley said, â€Å"The person I identified as myself I no longer see. The accolades of my career feel like a former life† (Dr. C. L. Robley, personal communication, August 1, 2014). It is easy to see that Dr. Robley has had a lifetime of change in the last few years of her life. Without support or help, it would be difficult for anyone to cope with the drastic changes of illness, loss of finances, and especially the loss of a spouse. She must be encouraged to continue with the coping and defense mechanisms that produced the amazing doctor that gave to so many people. When you spend your hours taking care of the entire world, what do you do when the only person you have left to take care of is yourself? The Stuart Stress Adaptation Model interrelates a person’s unique reaction to stress given predisposing factors, the type of stressor, the individual’s perception of circumstances, as well as the available resources, and which resources one chooses to use in re action to the stressor (Stuart, 2012). The continuum of coping responses can vary from productive to damaging and can manifest as physical symptoms. The continuum from maladaptive to adaptive coping responses is a measurement of how healthy our reactions are. The final stage of Stuart’s Stress Model is the treatment and intervention stage. These are the exploration by the nurse and patient of both positive and negative consequences that were enabled by the patient’s cognitive misperceptions, and were then followed by maladaptive actions. A nurse’s goal is to help the patient to become aware of poor choices that result in negative consequences, and analyze strategies that are in favor of health promotion and a patient’s positive change in behavior. Dr. Cheryl Lynn Robley would perhaps benefit from a nursing intervention that refocused her interest in life by helping her to understand the things that she regrets. A nursing intervention directed toward stren gth training and balance might give her the capability to be more functional on a daily basis. A nurse and patient partnership toward better health has the ability to remind an elderly person that age is only a number and offer nurses the opportunity to begin their own legacy. References Amory, D. (2012). 3.23.3 Eriksons psychosocial development theory. In Techniques for personal coaching and self-coaching (p. 253). Raleigh, NC: Lulu.com. Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and society. New York, NY: W. W. Norton Company. Santrock, J. W. (2011). Life-span development (13th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill. Sigelman, C. K., Rider, E. A. (2014). Life-span human development (8 ed.). Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning. Stuart, G. W. (2012). Principles and practice of psychiatric nursing (10 ed.). Maryland Heights, MO: Elsevier Saunders: Mosby.