Effective Leadership Skills and Styles †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Examine about the Effective Leadership Skills and Styles. Answer: Two significant authority styles will be depicted in the task. The first is the totalitarian administration style. This initiative style is additionally called the tyrant administration style. This style is portrayed by the pioneers taking a general control of the choices and giving little extension to the individuals from the gatherings. They settle on decisions dependent on their own thoughts and decisions (De Hoogh et al., 2015). They once in a while welcome guidance, proposals or inputs from the adherents. They primarily direct all the work strategies just as procedures. Gathering individuals are once in a while trusted in regards to any choices or other huge errands. This sort of pioneers profoundly demoralizes inventive reasoning and empowers working styles which are exceptionally organized and unbending. This working condition focuses on the laborers and causes them to feel slighted and not minded by the organization. Some may even become demotivated and strained, frightful and angry. Absence of strengthening in dynamic procedures brings about growing low assurance and absence of duty from the workers. Be that as it may, they additionally have certain focal points (Vail, 2014). They bring out positive outcomes when antagonistic circumstances emerge out of nowhere and direness ascends to take choices rapidly. The second kind of authority aptitude is the transformational initiative abilities. This kind of authority style makes the pioneers work in agreement with their adherents by setting a reasonable vision and controlling them through each way and helping them to line up with the targets of the association (Avolio Yammarino et al., 2013). It is resolved as the model of uprightness just as reasonableness. This kind of authority urges others not exclusively to work past desires yet additionally welcomes adherents with their recommendations, advices and criticisms. This assistance in building up a situation of advancement and imagination. The pioneers offer help in advancement and objectives (Kark Shamir, 2013). Simultaneously, they move and inspire them to look past their individual intrigue and work towards objectives. Building more grounded and trust based relationship is one more characteristic of this initiative. Two pioneers with various styles: Steve employments had been an American business visionary, mechanical fashioner just as business head honcho who have served the situation of the administrator, fellow benefactor just as the CEO of Apple.inc. He was a dictatorial ruler and had gotten huge accomplishment with his authority style. A generally excellent case of the transformational pioneer is Richard Branson. He is the originator of the Virgin Atlantic gatherings. It is one of the most perceived just as regarded brands that has more than 400 organizations. Correlation of the authority style: Steve Jobs was a totalitarian ruler. Pundits are of the conclusion that he had a careful eye for consistently detail of the association. He was incredibly requesting structure his workers. A significant number of his co-adherents who has worked under him had depicted him to show manipulative conduct and had even portrayed his conduct in gatherings to be inconsiderate, definitive just as unpleasant. Occupation used to display an overbearing nearness for which a considerable lot of his representatives used to fear him and his thought levels were somewhat low (Heracleous Klaering, 2017). Nonetheless, his absolutist style helped him for settling on a brisk choice at whatever point a specific genuine conditions emerge and he had unlimited authority over the choices taken for his organization. He was exceptionally requesting towards his representatives as well as towards himself. A portion of the cutoff times are short to the point that it used to get hard for the workers to accomplish. He brought together his clout so that he never used to offer opportunity to his subordinates in dynamic as he had less trust on representatives. His prideful and self fulfilling mentalities neglected to spur his workers in numerous serious circumstances (Keller, 2017). Then again, Richard Branson was a popular transformational pioneer. He had numerous significant attributes like articulating a dream and furthermore conveying superior desires with the subordinates. Not just that, he generally attempted to set up a positive model for his subordinates and frequently demonstrated affectability to singular supporters needs. He had given part of support in building up a right group mentality and gave scholarly incitement to his workers (Williams, 2017). His elevated levels of desires from his representatives gave his subordinates the self-assurance to persevere notwithstanding difficulties and frequently brought about extraordinary execution. Not at all like the representatives of Jobs who used to fear him, the workers of Branson accepting him as a fun, warm, well disposed, hazard taking and was serious yet in a positive manner. Dissimilar to Jobs who had profoundly self-fulfilling perspectives, Branson rewarded his representatives of all levels as equiv alent and thought about them as family and approached them with deference. In contrast to work, he likewise invites input and proposals from his representatives which caused them to feel significant and cherished in the association (Lambert, Bassell Friedman, 2017). Reflection: While I was put as the pioneer of a group, I encountered various occasions which reflected both my shortcoming and my qualities as a group chief. I was valued by my colleagues because of my performing various tasks bore. I had the option to viably deal with an enormous number of errands without any assistance like controlling the new joiners, finishing the report sheet of their exhibition, allotting undertakings to them, preparing them about moment aptitude which improve their working styles, leading gatherings with chiefs and all proficiently. Another quality that I had was my relational abilities. Not just I had the propensity for undivided attention aptitudes yet additionally displayed successful criticism giving and getting murders which made the representatives agreeable and felt regarded by the association. The shortcoming I had was my poor social aptitudes. I was bad at relationship advancement and can never keep up a casual relationship. In addition, I needed compassion which made the laborers feel that I was bossy. Another shortcoming was my intercultural relational abilities. I didn't have a clue how to deal with discussions with individuals from different foundations and frequently offered comment or performed exercises that hurt them. In addition, I additionally came up short on the capacity to execute imagination and advancement at work environment which made the working environment condition exhausting and repetitive to the laborers and they neglected to accumulate enthusiasm in their exercises. All these influenced profitability. Self-improvement plan: Formative exercises method of reasoning deterrent Key procedure Time period measure assets I needed to build up my social abilities which principally would concentrate on my relationship building aptitudes and rehearsing compassion in my working styles towards the devotees Appropriate social abilities help being developed of solid bonds and connections which make the earth of the work environment less formal. As result, representatives work all the more openly and can share their pressure and concern effectively (Deming, 2017). They don't feel troubled by work and subsequently efficiency is expanded My thoughtful person mentality that I had rehearsed from my very youth may make me awkward in evaluating social aptitudes to set up great bonds. My temperament of the absence of flexibility can likewise be an obstruction I will attempt to connect with myself more in long range interpersonal communication locales which I a simple method of creating securities. Additionally I can likewise experience business articles and read educational encounters of business stalwarts which may help me in getting tips of bond improvement. I can likewise peruse web online journals and articles which give prepared methods of creating bonds. It would require five months to eight months The criticism from my representatives is the home assessment strategy. The better casually they can open up with me, the higher would be my degree of achievement. At the point when the working environment condition gets casual, it would naturally be reflected in my representatives exercises and mentalities. Web articles, books of stalwarts, meeting with guides I have to deal with my intercultural relational abilities. This aptitude is vital on the off chance that I get chance in working in a worldwide association in my future days. Inappropriate intercultural correspondence causes workers of various foundations annoyed as they to feel that their social inclinations and conventions are no regarded and thought about (Ruben, 2015). this outcomes being developed of negative inclination I have frequently generalized various societies without my insight and accordingly conquering such generalizations and getting receptive on the double might be troublesome. Additionally I likewise have biasness towards my own way of life and subsequently these would make it hard for me to build up my intercultural relational abilities I would initially begin going to workshops which will help me in learning the best possible non-verbal communication and conquer the language obstruction while rewarding with the representatives of different foundations. Not just that, I need to likewise experience diverse web article to think about the social inclinations and customs with the goal that I don't take up nay exercises which hurt their feelings. Besides, I will urge them to open up about their hindrances and inclinations so I can straightforwardly find out about their desires. It would require 8 months The input from such workers would be the most ideal method of estimation of achievement in my drives. Besides there are numerous symptomatic apparatuses too which I can use to self asses myself. Consumption on workshops, web articles. Some demonstrative instruments are accessible for nothing and some require membership. I should attempt to build up my inventive abilities and creative thoughts which are very important in preset day associations Late scientists are of the sentiment that pioneers who can init

English 101 - Important Final Essay Topics

English 101 - Important Final Essay TopicsEnglish 101 is an online course developed by a leading writer to give students, especially those who may have previously taken English 101 a grounding in its basic concepts. One of the best things about this course is that it does not require any prior knowledge of the English language whatsoever. Students can start writing immediately, but it is still important for them to learn the basics and improve their writing skills before continuing to use the English 101 final essay topic. Below are some of the topics covered in the course.Introducing yourself is perhaps the most important step towards completing the final. One way to do this is to include a brief biography in your final. The main purpose of the final essay is to impress your audience, so having a short and to the point biography will help you achieve this.You should make sure you include new words and sentences every now and then. Try to be different from your competitors as much as possible, and it is easy to do this if you use the correct punctuation. You can also use shorter words so that your target audience can retain them better.All writers know that using metaphors is a good way to impress your audience. In fact, it is a commonly used strategy in many forms of creative writing. However, you should make sure that you only use metaphors in context, as this will give your audience an impression of what you mean.Your target audience will have a particular gender, age, or other characteristics. You should include a gender-neutral statement or other kind of statement that is gender-specific. This can help the readers understand how you expect them to react.In order to be unique in your final essays, you will need to make use of metaphors. It is not necessary that you write every metaphor in English 101, but instead of using them often, you should make sure that you use them once in each chapter. Remember that many readers will be able to pick up on the metaph or without actually reading the whole piece.Readers need to know about technical terms, and you should include them in your essays. It is a good idea to include them only in subjects that relate to your field. You can also include technical terms in subjects that you have written about, since it can give your readers a general idea of what your topic involves.Focus on expressing your personality and other qualities, even when it comes to your final essays. Remember that it is impossible to express how you feel if you try to write from only one angle. You should avoid using the same paragraphs several times in your final essay, as it will make your essay predictable.

Infant Language free essay sample

From the main long stretches of life, babies take care of words and articulations, reacting just as their constrained capacities allowâ€crying, cooing, and before long prattling. Before age 1, they comprehend basic words and speak with motions. At 1 year, most newborn children talk. Jargon amasses gradually from the start, yet then more quickly with the naming blast and with the rise of the holophrase and the two-word sentence. The noteworthy language learning of the first two years can be clarified in quite a while. One hypothesis battles that parental figures must show language, strengthening the infant’s vocal articulations. Another hypothesis depends on the possibility of an inherent language procurement gadget, a psychological structure that encourages the securing of language when development makes that conceivable. A third hypothesis stresses social association, suggesting that newborn children learn language since they are social creatures. A mixture model consolidates every one of the three of these hypotheses. Since newborn children shift in culture, learning style, and social setting, the mixture hypothesis recognizes that every one of different speculations may have some legitimacy at various focuses in the procurement of language. We will compose a custom article test on Newborn child Language or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Sensorimotor Intelligence 1. Piaget understood that extremely youthful newborn children are dynamic students, looking to comprehend their mind boggling perceptions and encounters. Adjustment in early stages is described by sensorimotor knowledge, the first of Piaget’s four phases of psychological turn of events. At each a great time, individuals adjust their considerations to the encounters they have. 2. Sensorimotor insight creates in six stagesâ€three sets of two phases eachâ€beginning with reflexes and finishing with the toddler’s dynamic investigation and utilization of mental blends. In each pair of stages, improvement happens in one of three kinds of roundabout responses, or criticism circles, in which the newborn child takes in encounters and attempts to understand them. 3. Reflexes give the establishment to insight. The persistent procedure of absorption and convenience is clear in the main gained adjustments, from 1 to 4 months. The sucking reflex suits the specific areolas and different articles that the infant figures out how to suck. Throughout the following year, newborn children become more objective situated, imaginative, and exploratory as â€Å"little researchers. 4. Newborn children continuously build up a comprehension of items in their initial two years of life. As appeared in Piaget’s great trial, newborn children comprehend object lastingness and start to look for shrouded objects at around 8 months. Other research finds that Piaget thought little of the comprehension of youthful newborn children. Data Processing 5. Another way to deal wi th understanding newborn child discernment is data preparing hypothesis, which takes a gander at each progression of the intuition procedure, from contribution to yield. The view of a youthful newborn child are sensitive to the specific affordances, or open doors for activity, that are available in the infant’s world. 6. Articles that move are especially fascinating to newborn children, as are different people. Articles just as individuals manage the cost of numerous opportunities for connection and observation, and in this way these affordances upgrade early insight. 7. Baby memory is delicate yet not totally missing. Update meetings help trigger recollections, and youthful cerebrums learn engine groupings some time before they can recall with words. Memory is multifaceted; unequivocal recollections are uncommon in outset. Language: What Develops in the First Two Years? 8. Excited endeavors to convey are evident in the principal year. Newborn children prattle at around 6 to 9 months, get words and signals by 10 months, and talk their first words at around 1 year. 9. Jargon starts to construct gradually until the baby knows roughly 50 words. At that point a naming blast starts. Close to the finish of the subsequent year, little children start assembling two words, appearing by their promise request that they comprehend the basics of language. 10. Different hypotheses endeavor to clarify how babies learn language as fast as they do. The three primary hypotheses stress various parts of early language realizing: that babies must be instructed, that their minds are hereditarily receptive to language, and that their social driving forces cultivate language learning. 11. Every one of these speculations appears to be halfway obvious. The test for formative researchers has been to define a half and half hypothesis that utilizes all the bits of knowledge and research on early language learning. The test for parental figures is to react suitably to the infant’s early endeavors to impart.

The Tried and True Method for Term Papers Writing Service in Step by Step Detail

The Tried and True Method for Term Papers Writing Service in Step by Step Detail A cheap writing service doesn't mean essay writing service legit a poor writing service. When you purchase term papers at experienced custom writing service, you can be guaranteed to find the help that's well worth every penny. Frankly speaking, nowadays you're able to get everything you would like with the world wide web and the exact same is with your successful grades at school or college, as you are able to become perfectly written assignment online. Nowadays you've got the world wide web for this kind of search. The manner you may locate a dependable term paper writing service comes in many forms. The increasing number of essay writing services is wholly overwhelming. Identifying with a dependable firm has gotten more difficult given the huge number of internet firms providing writing services. 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Asean India Free Trade Area ( Aifta ) - 1337 Words

ASEAN-India Free Trade Area (AIFTA) In this paper, I shall provide you with important and detailed information, entailing who ASEAN-India is, how ASEAN-India was founded, why there was a need for ASEAN-India, and what type of business conducted, along with its contributing countries. This paper will further discuss each agreement that was signed into effect, to include The Framework Agreement on Comprehensive Economic Cooperation, The Trade in Goods Agreement, Trade in Services Agreement, and the Investment Agreement. Each agreement is centered on ASEAN-India Free Trade Area. Once reading this paper, one will gain a comprehensive understanding as to how ASEAN-India came to be and what each above-mentioned category represents. On August 8, 1967, five leaders, six nations, came together at the main hall of the Department of Foreign Affairs building in Bangkok, Thailand to sign a document known as the ASEAN Declaration. The six known Foreign Ministers coming together were, Tun Abdul Razak of Malaysia, Thanat Khoman of Thailand, Narciso R. Ramos of the Philippines, Adam Malik of Indonesia, and S. Rajaratnam of Singapore. This is how ASEAN first came into existence. The ASEAN now is the third largest in the world. Proceeding them is the European Union and the North American Free Trade Agreement. Countries on board, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Indonesia, and Thailand are considered the first ASEAN five. The following countries, in which consist of the smaller countries,Show MoreRelatedA Study On Asean India1334 Words   |  6 Pagesinformation, entailing who ASEAN-India is, how ASEAN-India was founded, why there was a need for ASEAN-India, and what type of business conducted, along with its contributing countries. This paper will further discuss each agreement that was signed into effect, to include The Framework Agreement on Comprehensive Economic Cooperation, The Trade in Goods Agreement, Trade in Services Agreement, and the Investment Agreement. Each agreement is centered on ASEAN-India Free Trade Area. Once reading this paperRead MoreExport And Import Markets And Trade Balance Essay1534 Words   |  7 PagesExport/Import Markets and Trade Balance Figure 10. Exports of Indonesia Figure 11. Exports trend of Indonesia Figure 12. Imports of Indonesia Figure 13. Imports trend of Indonesia Figure 14. Trade balance trend of Indonesia As per Economic Complexity Index (ECI) Indonesia is the 79th most complex economy in the world. The country ranks 25th in terms of export in the world. As per 2014 export data, Indonesia imported $178B and exported $178B. This resulted in positive trade balance. Indonesia’sRead MoreInternational Business At The Philippines1888 Words   |  8 Pagesworldwide free-trade agreements, the Philippines has a way of shipping goods and receiving goods at a no-fee charge. Shipping costs are of course, absorbed by the shipping country, the country doesn’t have a tariff fee on those goods. Some of the countries that the Philippines have free-trade agreements with are: 1. Most Favored Nation (MFN) 2. ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand Free Trade Area (AANZFTA) 3. ASEAN-China Free Trade Area (ACFTA) 4. ASEAN-India Free Trade Area (AIFTA) 5. ASEAN-Japan ComprehensiveRead MoreCountry Notebook in India14376 Words   |  58 PagesINTRODUCTION Tuong An Co., want to expand its business into India; thus; we need a detail plan to make our penetration into India market. When we do analyze about the Indian cultural and analysis, we find the information that is general in nature, focusing on product categories. Therefore, we will perform the next to parts â€Å"Market Audit and Competitive market analysis† and â€Å"Preliminary marketing plan†. In part III, â€Å"Market Audit and Competitive market analysis†, the data generated in part IIIRead MoreBusiness in Singapore30736 Words   |  123 PagesSingapore DOING BUSINESS IN SINGAPORE 1 CONTENTS 3 4 11 FOREWORD INTRODUCTION - Getting to know Singapore OVERVIEW OF LEGAL ENVIRONMENT - Legal Framework - Handling Civil Disputes - Employment - Immigration - Competition Act - Singapores Free Trade Agreement (FTAs) STARTING A BUSINESS BANKING RELATIONSHIP IN SINGAPORE - Introduction to the Financial Landscape in Singapore - Banking in Singapore - Business Credit Facilities - Business Protection TYPES OF BUSINESS ORGANISATIONS - Sole Proprietorships

Augustus the Mighty Saviour of Rome - 1750 Words

Augustus first came to power after many years of bloodshed and civil war, and the Roman people longed for peace and the stabilization of society. It will be shown that Augustus achieved this goal through a series of religious, moral, and political reforms, and in doing so, legitimized and strengthened his own position in the transition from republic to empire. Before considering the role that Augustus played in the religion of Rome, we must first look to the situation that led to Augustus reviving religion and the traditional ways. The last hundred years of the republic was full of revolution, civil war and proscriptions, a period of complete anarchy (Halliday 1922: 132). The republic had been in a state of decay due to the aristocrats putting their pursuit of power over the greater good (Shelton 1998: 226). Appian describes in his Civil Wars (5. 8. 67-8), the chaos and violence that had swept through the city of Rome during this period, leading to a complete break down of civil society. Following the battle of Actium (31 BC), Rome was left under the sole dominion of Octavian, who had the same political goals as Julius Caesar but he wished to avoid the same mistakes (Halliday 1922: 160). In naming himself dictator for life, Julius Caesar had set about the events that had led to his assassination, a fate that Augustus wished to avoid (Matys zak 2006: 71). Dio Cassius explains that Augustus aspired to be considered democratic but in reality he wished to have absolute power in

Accounting Information Systems and Controls for Human Error

Question: Discuss about theAccounting Information Systems and Controls for Human Error. Answer: Data Input The problems related to the use of manual data entry producers have been discussed. Too much cost incurred for the procedure due to the fact that the company has to provide money to the people who are working for the company in the process of data entry into the data base. Human error can arise at any moment for due to any mistyping, grammar error and punctuation (Raghupati Raghupati 2014). Due to the large volume of data all, the entered data cannot be checked again after the process has been completed. The process is time consuming, as the data is large in number and the time-required for the processing pf data is long. Humans are not fast enough for the assessment of large amount of data. The last problem can be for the error based on misinterpretation of the data that has been provided to the human for the data entry (Takeuchi et al. 2014). Different humans thin about a single data differently and thus the interpretation of the data can be different. The person who is inserting the data can interpret the data in a different manner and the datacan be inserted wrongly. Processing of Patient Records Security breaches can threaten the privacy protocol of the patient of the hospital due to the inclusion of confidential personal information as well as health related information. When the details of such patients are made public without the consent of the patient then the data can be said to be breached (Boulos et al. 2014). The problems can threaten the life of the patient, as the person who has the hold of the details will be able to clear out their bank details. Any kind of online digital format of data storage has the probability of a high risk factor in the form of data breaches. The use of security measures like firewall, antimalware and antivirus software and the use of intrusion detection software to be installed in the servers of the hospitals. To implement specific policies regarding the use of the servers for the maintenance of patient health records. This also helps in the maintenance of the privacy of the patient (Benchimol et al. 2015). To maintain this server employee s has to provide the employees of the hospitals with credentials, which needs to be shared during the accessing of the data. The security officer has to be employed by the hospital keep a track of the user who are logging into the system. Data Enquiry Data enquiry is a way of knowing personal information about an individual whose records are already been saved into the database and should be made by only an authorized person. In general unauthorized might try to access the information related to the patient and exposing medical information related to the patients could be serious act of lost of privacy (Hussain et al. 2016). The hospital management should build a strong authentication system in manner to track the authority and relation of the individual asking about the details of the patient and thereafter only, the management should provide details about the patient. Buffer Overflows It has been discovered in hacking circles, which uses input into the poorly implemented and pure harmless application that is made by intention and typically this input are made with the administrator or root privileges. Technically, it can be said that the buffer overflow attack is a way of harming the files through the inputs that has been longer than the programmer intentions related to the memory allocation system of the computers (Zeng, Chou Liu 2015). It can be said that the best defense for mitigating such threat is to write an unexplainable code or program that cannot be exploitable for any user. There should be call of safe string functions only during the execution or memory allocation for any data. While programming it should be noted that sprintf and strcpy functions should not be used in the overall programming. Few of the programming languages focuses on the more secure code, but it can also be noticed that they allows unsafe structure that could provide an unauthorize d user to access the data and information saved into the database of the system. SQL Injection It can be described as the Structured Query Language that has become a popular technique for the hackers to get access to the data or prevent the users from accessing the data. Until now, it has been used against PBS, LinkedIn, CIA, Yahoo, Sony Pictures, and Microsoft. Technically, it can be described as a command-and-control language for the databases like Oracle, MySQL, and Microsoft (Rahman et al. 2017). SQL server that has been already used on the back end of the data management system and web applications relating to the behavior and content of many websites has been built on the data into the server of the database. Using web application firewall, limiting the database privileges with the help of the context, avoiding user input while construction of the SQL, Eliminating the database capabilities those are unnecessary, suppressing errors, continuously monitoring SQL statements from the database-connected applications. Explained above objectives can be helpful measures and proce ss of mitigation of the SQL attacks and could play vital role in securing the privacy of the data that has been stored in the database. Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) It is one of the most common vulnerabilities that could be found in the wordPress plug-ins through a significant margin. These vulnerabilities are very easy to write and that much easy to recognize. For example writing PHP code in a WordPress Plug-in, can be a intrusion and could be described as the XSS vulnerability. However, a mass destruction can be made using such simple codes as an intruder might find a way to make the user exploit an XSS vulnerability and via this he or she could load their java script using the same vulnerability coding (Gupta Gupta 2016). PHP AntiXSS, xssprotect, xss_clean.php filter, XSS HTML Filter, HTML Purifier are some of the open source libraries that could be helpful in preventing XSS (Cross Site Scripting) attacks and protect the system and database from any of such intrusions. Introduction In this new world of technology cloud computing is playing vital role in enhancing the way of using information technologies. The purpose of this report is to provide a brief description on the cloud accounting that are being used and could be used within the organization for maintaining financial operations. This report put emphasis on cloud accounting and related benefits that are promoting it towards trending application or technology. Every coin has two faces, similarly there are certain risks related to the cyber security that has been also pointed out in this report. However, there are certain measures that could help in mitigating these risks that is also described in this report. Cloud Accounting It had been described to the similar self-install, on-premises, and traditional accounting software that can be helpful in the process of enabling the user to host the accounting software on a remote server. The process is very much similar to the process of Software as a Service (SaaS). This can be implemented in the business deployment model of cloud computing (Lakew et al. 2014). Data is returned to the user through cloud storage where it used to process the data first. The functions incorporated within the application users are allowed to access the software applications from anywhere via connecting to the internet or any other network that is being provided by the cloud service providers (Silva et al. 2013). It replaces the necessity of installing the software onto the desktop, maintains and manages the operational data and information along with the storage, and updates. Benefits of Cloud Accounting There are many benefits of cloud software among which some of the benefits are listed below: In real-time, it could be helpful in providing a clear overview of the current financial situation of the organization. It can be easily corporate within multi users providing online access to the data and information with the advisors and team. Other benefits can be described as the service providers that could save time for the users and ensures addition of new objectives (Drimiti Matei 2014). This makes the users to be relied on the third party that also eliminates the extra effort that was to be made for managing and maintain the application software. Every operation runs online that results in no extra effort for the user to backed up everything and install as everything is being managed online. It could also be helpful in eliminating installation of accounting software in manner to manage the operational data as it provides a single platform to perform all the related activities. New features are added as per the needs and feedback of the users with instant availability and fr ee update (Cleary Quinn 2016). One of the most important benefits is that, it could be helpful in reducing the upfront business costs. It provides various services such as maintenance, server failures management issues, system administration costs, version upgrades and many more. The third parties, who are the Cloud service providers, are handling these services. Cyber Security Risk in Cloud Accounting Despite of all the benefits stated above, there are various cyber risks in Cloud accounting and could affect the data and information saved in the Cloud. Data saved in the Cloud or in the internet are vulnerable to cyber attacks as intruders could get access to the data and could be able to expose them (Ko Choo 2015). Malicious virus attack is one of the concerning topic related to the cloud accounting in which an intruder could get access to inject malicious coding into the system and harm the organization in many ways. Data breach is another important topic that is affecting or can be said harming all the cloud services and internet services in which a hacker or intruder breaches the server and get access to the data stored in the server. An unauthorized user or intruder in manner to block the access of data exchange between the service provider and service consumers could also introduce Ransomware attacks. Security of the cloud server could be breached by certain coding attempts made by the unauthorized user that could give access to the intruder (Fernandes et al. 2014). Exposing data to an unauthorized user could lead to several issues related to the security and privacy of the individuals or the organization whose data is being saved into the internet. Measures to Mitigate Cyber Security Risk Very first objective for any organization is to crosscheck whether the security policies implemented for the security of data and information by the third party (Cloud service providers) complying with the organizational data security or not. The cyber security of the cloud service provider should meet the expectations of the organization (Chou 2013). Training and educating the users about how to keep their credentials protected and safe could also help in minimizing these threats to the extent level. Data encryption can be stated as the best precaution from resisting unauthorized users to access the data and manipulate them. Cloud service providers are able to provide 24x7 services but they should provide the security staff on-site 24x7x365. Intrusion detection system can be another approach towards detecting the intrusion and stop them at the highest priority. Anti-virus, updated firewalls and original operating systems could also be helpful in resisting the users to enter the data base and access the data. Concern should be given to the credentials (password), it should be strong with alphabets, numbers and symbols (Suresh Gupta 2017). Generally, auto generated password and password change on regular basis could be most emphasizing approach. Conclusion Based on the above report it can be concluded that Cloud accounting is a greatest approach towards replacing traditional accounting software and providing best services. Cloud accounting is helpful in providing 24x7 services and data accessibility from anywhere via connecting to the network that could alternatively reflect on the overall revenue. However, there are certain issues related to the implementation and application of cloud accounting software among which cyber security is the greatest concern. This paper discussed the related cyber security risks with certain preventive measures that could be helpful in enhancing the information security of the system. References Benchimol, E.I., Smeeth, L., Guttmann, A., Harron, K., Moher, D., Petersen, I., Srensen, H.T., von Elm, E., Langan, S.M. and RECORD Working Committee, 2015. The REporting of studies Conducted using Observational Routinely-collected health Data (RECORD) statement.PLoS medicine,12(10), p.e1001885. Boulos, M.N.K., Brewer, A.C., Karimkhani, C., Buller, D.B. and Dellavalle, R.P., 2014. Mobile medical and health apps: state of the art, concerns, regulatory control and certification.Online journal of public health informatics,5(3), p.229. Cleary, P. and Quinn, M., 2016. Intellectual capital and business performance: An exploratory study of the impact of cloud-based accounting and finance infrastructure.Journal of Intellectual Capital,17(2), pp.255-278 Dimitriu, O. and Matei, M., 2014. A new paradigm for accounting through cloud computing.Procedia Economics and Finance,15, pp.840-846. Fernandes, D.A., Soares, L.F., Gomes, J.V., Freire, M.M. and Incio, P.R., 2014. Security issues in cloud environments: a survey.International Journal of Information Security,13(2), pp.113-170. Fernandes, D.A., Soares, L.F., Gomes, J.V., Freire, M.M. and Incio, P.R., 2014. Security issues in cloud environments: a survey.International Journal of Information Security,13(2), pp.113-170. Gupta, S. and Gupta, B.B., 2016. XSS-SAFE: a server-side approach to detect and mitigate cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks in JavaScript code.Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering,41(3), pp.897-920. Hussain, J.A., White, I.R., Langan, D., Johnson, M.J., Currow, D.C., Torgerson, D.J. and Bland, M., 2016. Missing data in randomized controlled trials testing palliative interventions pose a significant risk of bias and loss of power: a systematic review and meta-analyses.Journal of clinical epidemiology,74, pp.57-65. Ko, R. and Choo, R., 2015.The Cloud Security Ecosystem: Technical, Legal, Business and Management Issues. Syngress. Lakew, E.B., Xu, L., Hernndez-Rodrguez, F., Elmroth, E. and Pahl, C., 2014, September. A synchronization mechanism for cloud accounting systems. InCloud and Autonomic Computing (ICCAC), 2014 International Conference on(pp. 111-120). IEEE. Raghupathi, W. and Raghupathi, V., 2014. Big data analytics in healthcare: promise and potential.Health information science and systems,2(1), p.3. Rahman, T.F.A., Buja, A.G., Abd, K. and Ali, F.M., 2017. SQL Injection Attack Scanner Using Boyer-Moore String Matching Algorithm.JCP,12(2), pp.183-189. Silva, F.A., Neto, P., Garcia, V., Trinta, F. and Assad, R., 2013, May. Accounting federated clouds based on the jitcloud platform. InCluster, Cloud and Grid Computing (CCGrid), 2013 13th IEEE/ACM International Symposium on(pp. 186-187). IEEE. Suresh, N. and Gupta, M., 2017. Impact of Technology Innovation: A Study on Cloud Risk Mitigation.Information Technology Risk Management and Compliance in Modern Organizations, p.229. Takeuchi, H., Miyata, H., Gotoh, M., Kitagawa, Y., Baba, H., Kimura, W., Tomita, N., Nakagoe, T., Shimada, M., Sugihara, K. and Mori, M., 2014. A risk model for esophagectomy using data of 5354 patients included in a Japanese nationwide web-based database.Annals of surgery,260(2), pp.259-266. Takeuchi, H., Miyata, H., Gotoh, M., Kitagawa, Y., Baba, H., Kimura, W., Tomita, N., Nakagoe, T., Shimada, M., Sugihara, K. and Mori, M., 2014. A risk model for esophagectomy using data of 5354 patients included in a Japanese nationwide web-based database.Annals of surgery,260(2), pp.259-266. Zeng, Q., Zhao, M. and Liu, P., 2015, June. Heaptherapy: An efficient end-to-end solution against heap buffer overflows. InDependable Systems and Networks (DSN), 2015 45th Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on(pp. 485-496). IEEE.

Middle Ages Essays - Christianization, Crusades, Invasions

Middle Ages The Christian Crusades Positively Impacted the East and the West Even though countless numbers of people died during the Christian Crusades, there were many positive effects for both the East and the West. After the Crusades halted, various trade routes opened up between Eastern and Western cities. Also, the Muslims developed new military strategies and techniques during the fights with the Europeans, and they united themselves against one cause, producing a stronger religious nation (Encyclop?dia Britannica, 1993). Numerous effects of the Christian Crusades in the Middle East had a positive outcome. In John Child's book, The Crusades, he quotes J. Kerr as claiming that the most obvious result of the crusades was a growth in trade with the east. According to a 1996 AP article printed in the Jerusalem Post, the English word sugar comes from the Arabic sukkar, and scallion comes from Ascalon, a Philistine city. Trade extended from England to the Black Sea, going through the ports of Beirut, Acre and Alexandria. After the loss of Acre in 1291, Cyprus, Rhodes and Crete were the three Mediterranean islands that composed some of the main crusader trading centers. From these three islands it was possible to control goods' ships traveling to and from the Middle East (Child, 1994). These trade routes generated a beneficial contact between the cultures of East and West. Many merchants from the cities of Venice and Genoa settled in Cyprus and Crete. From the Muslims these merchants bought spices, sugar, cloth and cotton. Other merchants from Sicily and Aragorn traded for Tunisian gold, and Algerian wool and animal skins. Popular goods traded from the Middle East were sugar, melons, cotton, ultramarine dye and damask cloth. Although the Pope tried to stop merchants from trading with the Muslims, he had to repeal his embargo in 1344. Though most of the traded goods came from the Middle East, the combined efforts from both East and West brought about many inventions, such as windmills, compasses, gunpowder and clocks. Figure 1 This trade between East and West caused prosperity among the people. Child states in his book that the merchants made a lot of money out of the trade with the Muslim people. After the Crusades had terminated, these merchants were able to prosper from trade between Europe and the Middle East. Outlined in Figure 1 are some trade routes utilized after the Crusades. During the Crusades, the Muslims used weaponry that the Franks were not familiar with. The battles during the Crusades led to the spread of siege engines, such as the mangonel, and the Franks learned how to employ fire as a missile. The Franks also learned new methods of creating fortifications. The use of armorial bearings may have originated in the Orient, and it is hypothesized that the Europeans learned many new ideas from looking at Arab armor (Encyclop?dia Britannica, 1993). European soldiers learned to protect themselves from the heat by imitating Muslim soldiers. The troops covered their heads and shoulders, and they wore light, loose clothing over their armor (MacDonald, 1993). This sharing of military machinery brought about positive effects for the people involved. In Europe and the Middle East, scholarly developments came along with the trade and military developments. After the Crusades, the use of northern European pointed arches became popular with Muslim architects (MacDonald, 1993). Muslim doctors still retained some of the Greek's knowledge of human anatomy; much of the information had been lost to the Europeans (Child, 1994). Many twelfth century European scientists voyaged to Arabian countries to study different methods and new ideas. Leonardo Fibonnaci, the first Christian algebraist, traveled to Syria and to Egypt to study with mathematicians there. Also, studies of language were initiated by many missionaries. In 1311, Raimon Lull, a missionary in the Orient, introduced six schools in Europe designed for the specific study of Oriental languages (Encyclop?dia Britannica, 1993). Literature appeared after the Crusades in great abundance. Some examples are Nathan der Weise by Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, Carmen Ambrosii and Chanson d'Antioche (Riley-Smith, 1995). The Crusades also brought new light upon old matters. Many old tales were redone with the spirit of crusading infused in them. The contact that occurred during the Crusades had many positive effects, and

Idealism v. reality essays

Idealism v. reality essays It is commonly stated that the Constitution, as drafted in 1787, departs from the democratic principles set by the Declaration of Independence. However, both the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United were documents created to serve necessary purposes for specific situations that were presented to our untested nation and must be viewed in their historical contexts. A long history of abuse by the British government led to the drafting of the Declaration of Independence. It was the document that officially declared war against Britain and was designed to assist the Second Continental Congress in obtaining the foreign aid and support needed for a revolutionary war, and must be viewed in this light. Consequently, this document can easily be seen as propaganda, grounded in deep emotion-invoking language and utter resentment for the British government. It proposes to the world that all men are created equal, and that the purpose of government was to protect the peoples unalienable rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. On the contrary, the United States Constitution was drafted eleven years after the Declaration of Independence and after the failed Articles of Confederation. It was time for a document that provided a pragmatic and realistic method for governing what was to become a vast nation. A complete democracy was simply not a plausible option. The framers looked to great thinkers such as Aristotle while forming their new governing document. Aristotle believed that a good government was one in which whatever group was in power ruled for the benefit of all citizens. In essence, the form of government or how it was established was not relevant. What mattered was how the government was used. However, he did stress that the most efficient and enduring form of government would be a mixed government, consisting of elements of a monarchy, an aristocrac...

Personal Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 26

Personal Statement - Essay Example My experience while in University was also acutely critical in the development of my career. After the training, I decided to look for a job and landed myself in a classroom, where I taught students. This enabled me to use my talent and pass information to others in the society in order to improve their understanding and conceptualization of ideas and theories projected by theorists. For six months, I worked as a volunteer at a secondary school during the evening. During the day, I was also pursuing my teaching skills in a secondary school where I got to share and obtain knowledge and ideas on what others think and know about Kurdish people. However, in 2009, I left my work and moved to the UK. Living in the UK, as a Kurdish, has enabled me to attain ESOL entry two and three plus speaking and listening of level one, not forgetting math for level one and two. All this is essential for my communication skills and has been of help towards attaining literacy and reading for level one and GCSE math. While here, I learnt how to support myself with a part time volunteer job as a receptionist. This has led me to choose my postgraduate course. MA in Kurdish studies is the postgraduate course I am intending to pursue since it gives me a wider understanding and knowledge on Kurdish regions found in the Middle East. This course gives me an in-depth understanding of the societies, literature, international relations and politics linked to Kurdish group. This dissertation is my choice of study because it interests me and enlightens me on the political, economic and social developments and origins. I will also get a chance to familiarize myself with the regions contemporary settings and institutional structures thus, will boost their activities and history for others to appreciate and acknowledge. The purpose of studying this course is to gain further insights on my region’s culture and tradition. It intrigues me to learn about the history of my clans men

Supply chain management at Toyota motors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Supply chain management at Toyota motors - Essay Example However, Toyota commenced its automobile manufacturing as early as 1934 functioning under Toyota Industries (Toyota, 1996). The first product of the company was Type A engines and Toyota AA passengers car which were manufactured in 1936. The company is celebrated as one of the world’s largest automakers mainly because of the company’s stupendous sales record over the last two decades. Toyota also ventures into the financial service provision, an exercise supervised by Toyota Financial Services. The company also produces robots. Alongside the father company (Toyota Industries), Toyota forms the majority shareholders in Toyota Group. Being the Leading shareholder in Daihatsu Motors, Toyota owns the operations of Lexus, Scion, and Toyota brands. The company is also the minority shareholder in Isuzu Motors, Fuji Heavy Industries, Hino Motors, Mitsubishi Aircraft Corporation, and Yamaha Motors and craft manufacturers. In india, Toyota established a partnership agreement with Kirloskar Group to forming Toyota Kirloskar Motor Private Limited (TKM); a company formed with sole objectives of creating employment to the unemployed youths as well as serving the automobile industry. As at March 2012, Toyota had about 529 subsidiaries globally, and manufactured more than 11.5 million vehicles (Toyota, 1996). SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT IN TOYOTA            Toyota supply chain management is one of the elements of the operational strategy which is founded on Toyota Production System (TPS). The system was proposed by Taiichi Ohno and Shigeo Shingo in 1940’s as the company gained global success in the automotive industry. TPS was founded on the principle â€Å"lean manufacturing†. The two partners indentified the components of this tool as: mutual trust and understanding, interlocking structures, compatible capabilities, control systems, joint improvement activities, learning, and information sharing. As stated by Krajewski, Ritzman & Malhotra (200 9), â€Å"JIT system – a system that organizes the resources information flows and decision rules that enable a firm to realize the benefits of JIT principles† (Burnes & New, 1996). Total Quality Management, reduces waste, and inventory by involving suppliers in continuous improvement, planning process, focusing on co-operation and improving machinery. The capacity planning method adopted by Toyota was based on inventory elimination. To achieve a zero-inventory, the company heavily depended on pull systems. Toyota also pioneered an operational excellence commonly referred to as â€Å"Lean Concept†. This concept was adopted by a number of companies in the manufacturing sector. The philosophy of this principle (lean philosophy) aimed at eliminating all wastes, and prioritizes customer care (Burnes & New, 1997). Lean philosophy closed linked with the JIS inventory management system to add to the competitive edge of Toyota. Therefore, the production of new material was only possible when the existing stock of inventory is exhausted. Toyota operated under â€Å"non-value-adding waste in business and manufacturing† (Liker, 2004) which were overproduction, unnecessary transport/ conveyance, waiting, over-processing, unnecessary movement, excess inventory, unused employee creativity, and defects. The improvements in the supply chain management at Toyota are cited as the key element for the increased competitiveness of the company in the fierce motor market. Besides, the improvements made in the supply cha

Social Media and Its Impact on Our Privacy Today Essay Example for Free

Social Media and Its Impact on Our Privacy Today Essay According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary Privacy is the quality or state of being apart from company or observation. Ever since the creation of Facebook, Twitter and other Social Media Outlets privacy has been non-existent. One can be astonished that the definition of privacy still exists since the introduction and existence of Social Media. Social Media erased the concept of privacy in our day to day lives. Imagine the convenience of friends, family and your Facebook or Twitter family knowing everything about your day, mood and whereabouts; in this day and age the world also knows what you’re eating, when and where. How did this happen Facebook started off as a connection platform for college students. To share updates, experiences and an advanced friend database based on education. Shortly after it became open to everyone and instead of being a place to stay connected it became a virtual diary of one’s day, vacation and life. It wasn’t enough that Facebook statuses were general. The world was now introduced to Twitter with a play by play updates on one’s daily life. According to character Father Brendan Flynn: â€Å"Doubt can be a bond as powerful and sustaining as certainty. When you are lost, you are not alone. †(Doubt). When everyone is able to follow your posts and location on Facebook you’re not lost, on the contrary you are found. When everyone is able to read you’re constantly updated tweets you are not lost. With Social Media uncovering our personal lives to the world we are not lost we are however alone. Since Social Media makes it easy to â€Å"share† our experiences ironically we become alone as there is no need for physical interaction with friends and family. So what do we do? How do we overcome Social Media and retain our privacy again when Facebook and Twitter have been such an integral part of our lives with advertising, personal updates and virtual sharing? According to Audrey Siegel, media agency Target Cast President â€Å"You don’t have any control, quite honestly†. Social Media is here to stay with its’ good and bad, however it is up to us to control and regain our privacy.

Causes Of The Salem Witch Craft Trials :: essays research papers fc

Witchcraft, Insanity, and the Ten Signs of Decay Since there never was a spurned lover stirring things up in Salem Village, and there is no evidence from the time that Tituba practiced Caribbean black magic, yet these trials and executions actually still took place, how can you explain why they occurred? The Salem Witchcraft Trials began not as an act of revenge against an ex-lover, as they did in The Crucible, but as series of seemingly unlinked, complex events, which a paranoid and scared group of people incorrectly linked. And while there were countless other witchcraft trials, Salem’s trials remain the best-known. In Salem, fears of witchcraft perpetuated by popular writings were personified when two girls were said to be bewitched. A hysteria overcame the people of Salem, whose trials went awry. In less than six months, 19 men and women were hanged, 17 innocents died in filthy prisons, an 80-year old man was crushed to death, and two dogs were stoned to death for collaborating with the Devil (Richardson 6). How could an entire village, including scholars, believe in witchcraft? Were these trials justified? Or were they evil, as many people think? How could respected, learned men believe the accounts of psychotics? Most importantly, could the trials have been avoided? A major cause of the Salem Witchcraft trials was superstition, an â€Å"irrational [belief] ... resulting from ignorance or fear of the unknown† (Saliba). A lack of scientific reasoning led many people to believe that, for instance, walking under a ladder would bring seven years of bad luck. The Puritans in Salem had even more reasons to be superstitious. Cotton Mather’s â€Å"Memorable Providences, Relating to Witchcrafts and Possessions,† with its inaccurate accounts of witchcraft, terrified. In addition, crude medical techniques, constant food poisoning, and unsanitary conditions killed many Puritans. (In the Trials, dead people and dead livestock were used as evidence of witchcraft.) More importantly, war with a nearby Indian tribe was imminent (Schlect 1); when livestock died, the Puritans thought their village was cursed, vulnerable to Indian attack. With several factions vying for control of the Village, and a series of legislative and property disputes wi th the nearby Salem Town which controlled Salem Village, it is easy to see how the people of Salem were so vulnerable to the notion of witches taking over their town. The Puritans who settled in Massachusetts left England because they thought the Church was obscuring God’s glory with its obsession of earthly things.

Social Policy In Canada

The Minister of Finance, Paul Martin, announced that Canada had a record a surplus of $2. 9 billion, their promises of tax relief have been executed and the unemployment rates has fallen to 7. 5 per cent, its lowest level in more than nine years (Finance Canada). The costs of this good news are the budget cut of the federal government on social welfare programs in recently years. Hospital rejected to accept new patients. Toronto High Schools was shut down. Homeless people sleep outdoors. Is the monetary policy that Mike Harris exercising harms the people? The aim of this article is to look at historical reason of Canada being a welfare state and being changed to a more capitalistic society. The era of Keynesian Welfare State (KWS) and contemporary Neo Liberalism and the effects of Mike Harris† government policy will be discussed In 1878, McDonald national policy was introduced. McDonald introduced a set of import tariffs to protect the domestic market. This policy became the diving force of Canadian economy until 1930†³s with the problems of the great depression, world economic crisis and government deficit. In 1936, John Maynard Keynes published his book â€Å"The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money†. He argued that a depression was a short run phenomenon because of a lack of demand. If the government could inject money to the private sector, the private sector would be better off and spending money and the government could collect tax. It has been called as demand-management policy. The crises were solved by the breakout of the Second World War (WWII) in 1937. After WWII, many governments (including Canada, UK and US) pursued Keynesian demand-management policy. On the level of production, in 1940†³s, Henry Ford decided to bring a new method of production, assembly line production, with a 5 dollars day policy. His idea was to create a new type of workers who could afford to own cars and to avoid alienation of workers. Ford also brought along many workers† benefits such as consultants to make the workers concentrating on their jobs. This concept, Fordism, became a system that there was a matching of mass production with mass consumption. Fordism also led to the recognition of collective bargaining power. Unions were established to bargain for their rate of wages and everyone automatically became a union member. The power of unions was continually growing up while word output grew at an unprecedented rate of 3. 9 per cent annually during the golden age (1950-1973) (Held 164). On the level of finance, the Bretton Woods agreement was also signed during KWS period in 1944. The core of Bretton Wood System (BWS) was the agreement of International Monetary Fund (IMF). † The purpose of IMF is to promote international monetary cooperation, exchange stability†¦ o provide temporary financial assistance to countries under adequate safeguards to help ease balance of payments adjustment† (IMF). With the BWS, capital outflows were strictly controlled. For nearly three decades, governments were relatively free from the constant treat of capital withdrawal as today. Away from the treat enabled them to â€Å"be far more responsive to demands from the electorate – demands that usually involved policies aimed at achieving full employment and developing social programs. † (Howlett 540). In Canada, government introduced new social and welfare programs, for example, unemployment insurance, family allowance, Canada assistant plan and health care program. Post-secondary education was funded. By the demand management policy, the fund to welfare programs would be automatically adjusted with the number of unemployment. These were the origin of our existed social welfare program. Capital controls also created stable currency values that helped to promote World Trade. After1945, the size of government sharply increased as new government institution and new programs were added. The government grows and the government expenditure made up to around 40% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Any major decision made by the government would have a great influence to the market. On the other hand, business corporations lost their influence to government as they had during the era of National policy. On the level of trade, the primary international trade agency, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was formed for tariff negotiations in 1947. The aims of GATT were â€Å"Raising standards of living, ensuring full employment and a large and steadily growing olume of real income and effective demand, developing the full use of the resources of the world and expanding the production and exchange of goods, Being desirous of contributing to these objectives by†¦ the substantial reduction of tariffs and other barriers to trade and to the elimination of discriminatory treatment in international commerce† GATT formed the framework for seven rounds of global tariff reduction negotiations. During the golden age, the Canadian experienced a low unemployment rate, low inflation rate and small deficit on government. However, with the increasing activities between nations, KWS started to face new problems. Firstly, the rise of the Eurocurrency market in the 1960s placed increasing strain on the BWS. US dollars became under the pressure the inflation and a growing trade deficit and finally on 15 August 1971 President Nixon shocked the world financial market by announcing that the dollar was no longer to freely convertible into gold, effectively signally the end of fixed change rates. This action increased the pressure on BWS. By 1973, the BWS had collapsed. Secondly, the collapse of Bretton Woods was compound in 1973 by the decision of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) to quadruple the price of oil, effecting a huge transfer of funds from oil-importing countries to oil-exporting countries. Oil-exporting countries were left with a large surplus to invest on international money market. The banks lent increasingly to developing countries. In the process both the intensity and the extensity of global flows were transformed. (202). Thirdly, the rate of growth is declined as Fordism reached its maximum marginal value of production. The rise of the price of oil also played a role in the declining marginal value. In 1970†³s, the economy experienced a stagflation that there were both high inflation and high unemployment rate existed. There was an increasing deficit because of decreasing tax revenues and increasing expenses on welfare programs as the function of automatic stabilizer. Since Keynesian provided no explanation and solution to stagflation, monetarism helped to explained it. Milton Friedman was a monetarist and he argued that â€Å"any attempt to manage the level of demand in a Keynesian way would simply be destabilizing and make things worse. The role of government is simply to use its monetary policy to control inflation and supply-side policies to make market work better and reduce unemployment† In 1975, the bank of Canada officially adopted monetary policy. On the level of production, Multinational Corporations (MNCs) have grown there has been a significant transnationalization of production expressed in the emergence of global production and distribution networks. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) encourage the development of three major market: Canada, Mexico, US such that â€Å"MNCs have been induced to locate production insides each of these blocs† (David 243). Since Mexico have little regulations toward employment†s welfare, environmental protection and US has been the major investor of Canadian manufacture sector, Canada has to deregulate many laws in order to attract US and other foreign investments to continue investing on Canada. In 1989, the trade relationship between Canada and US have moved forward, culminating in the establishment of†¦ Canadian – American Free Trade Agreement (FTA) (Howlett 540). In worldwide, many production sites were shift to the Third World Countries where had no unions or little power on unions and no regulations on working condition and environment protection. On the level of finance, during the 1970†³s and 1980†³s the national capital controls became less and less effective because of grow of Euromarket and the collapse of BWS. One of the aims of World Bank, which is founded in1944, is to â€Å"Promoting reforms to create a stable macroeconomic environment, conducive to investment and long-term planning† (World Bank). World Bank provide nearly $30 billion in loans annually to its client countries, therefore we can see the political and economic influences it has on these countries. IMF also plays an important role on providing financial help to its client countries. However, the rules accompany the agreement on the loan may not a good news to the people. One of the rules is to decrease deficits of the government and the most efficient way to decrease deficits is to cut social welfare programs. Reducing the subsidy to certain industries will lead to lose of jobs. An argument which come up lately is that US government argues that the health programs in Canada is a form of subsidy to industries because in US, workers need to buy health insurance and hence increasing the cost of production. This is violating the agreement of FTA. This kind of rule is seriously hurting the benefits of the workers in Canada. Knight noted that â€Å"ceilings on interest rates reduce the efficiency of financial intermediation and the signals for profitable investment† (Knight 17), but not for the benefit of working class. If the interest rate is high, the working class have to pay more interest on their mortgage payment. On the level of trade, the formation of Business Council on National Issues in 1976 has a long-term effect on Canadian policy making. Since most of the members of BCNI are large corporation, they have the power to influence government policies though business action. It had helped to solve the Albert oil crisis and the establishment of NAFTA. When the politics are making decision that will effect business realm, they will concern the reaction of those investment companies, but they do not spend so much concern on unions. 0 per cent of Canada-U. S. trade is concentrated in the hands of just 200 companies. A survey of the employment practices of companies belonging to BCNI shows that 37 members of this powerful group that lobbied so hard for the FTA and NAFTA have reduced their payroll by a total of 215,414 employee between 1988 and 1994 (Dillion, 95). Social programs cut over the last seven years, big business has successfully campaigned for less government regulation and for the weakening of social programs in â€Å"the name of leveling the playing field number† (Dillion, 96). we are to stop the headlong race to the bottom for our economic, social and environmental affairs as well as the erosion of our culture†said Dillion (98). Now, we are not racing for our public goods. If we continue to allow corporation lobbies to influence our government decision making, our existing public goods will be disappeared too. Though 1980†³s to 1990†³s, many government programs were cut, industries like communications were deregulated, and many government services and corporations were privatized at both the federal and provincial levels. According to McQuaig, even though governments were powerless to bring down unemployment by using the key levers of monetary and fiscal policy, they were able to reduce it by taking away crucial social support systems, thereby making the worker feel more desperate to work. † (McQuaig 37) This is the policy that Mike Harris† government doing right now. During 1995 to 1996, these two year, Federal Government cut her health expenditure from 9024 millions to 1077 millions, education expenditure from 6254 millions to 3355 millions (drop nearly 45 per cent), transportation and communication expenditure from 5192 millions to 3306 millions. Only General-purpose transfers expenditure was increased from 10429 millions to 23834 millions dramatically (Statistics Canada). By 1998/99 the liberals will have cut $7 billion in social transfers to the province (Red book, p. 74). When the government cut the budgets on welfare and on the other hand cut the tax together, the victims will be the lower class family. Cutting the education funds presents students have to pay more tuition fees and increase the burden of their family. Cutting the health expenses lead to hospital refuse to accept new patients and hurt the people who need medical attention. Since the government does not provide low rent housing, many families, not a single person, cannot afford to live in a decent home and need to live outdoor with the danger and harsh weather nearby. Only 34. 9 per cent of unemployment workers received UI benefit (Godin). Federal government also sets new rules that people who are receiving UI need to do volute works but they ignore the fact that some people need to take care the children and cannot go to work. People also need to pass drug test to be eligible for receiving UI. Privatizing public corporations such as hydro will eventually lead to increase the fees and thus in add burden to the poor. Ontario sells Highway 407 to private company and about half years later the fees are increased. â€Å"Canadians values have moved away from the socially responsible and pragmatically interventionist liberalism that had for decades been their dominant characteristics† (Pratt). It is true that Canadian economy is benefit from these changes and brings our economy away from the crisis of the deep depression. However, we will lose the public good that have been existed in our society for nearly 50 years if our society approach the format of capitalism. Although adopting monetary policy hurts the benefit of the workers, it is clear that we cannot go back to the period of KWS. Howlett noted, â€Å"Keynesianism also includes the concept of market failures and economic efficiency† (Howlett 540). If we can find a balance between Keynesianism and Neo-Liberalism, we can still have the benefits of our welfare and economic efficiency.

Talent Management And Its Link To Leadership And Management Development - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2242 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Level High school Did you like this example? Talent management and its link to leadership and management development 1. Introduction The word talent represents, in particular in this essay, expertise or the knowledge gained through experience à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" expert skills or experience/knowledge in a particular field. By the term talent management, the author refers to managing the four stages of the following process. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Talent Management And Its Link To Leadership And Management Development" essay for you Create order First, selecting and employing skilled individuals according to the organisations need for skills, second, providing them with an environment in which they can apply their skills in practice with respect to improving the employers business performance, third, developing their talent in order to further support organisations business plan, and fourth, retaining those individual, or retaining their knowledge. The next part of the essay presents the investigation of these processes and interdependence between, in detail. In this essay, the author illustrates the great interdependence between the continuous improvement of the four stages and success of talent management. The two key objectives of this essay are, first, to investigate the concept of talent management, in detail, and second, to present insights into the relationship between talent management and leadership/management development. 2. The concept of talent management Talent Management has been the cornerstone of Human Resource Management (HRM) strategy in many organisations for over a decade. Sparrow et al. (2014) affirm that although, over a decade, talent management has been considered an important factor in advancing business performance, the concept of talent management has not been precisely defined, nor it received a theoretical development. For that reason, success of applied talent management has not been agreed upon. Barlow (2006) explains that most of organisations focus on the leadership roles or employees who have the potential for such roles and do not have a certain clarification of what they consider talent. She adds that the talent management practices and Human Resource activity, in these organisations, become alike and interchangeable terms. Lewis and Heckman (2006) remark that this uncertainty and confusion exists for the reason that various terms are used interchangeably with regards to different elements of talent manage ment (such as, Human Resource Planning or Succession Planning), although each has specific practices mostly different than the other ones. Davis (2007) describe that talent management is strategic corporate approach which comprises interdependent processes of first, employing individuals who have talent(s) required for a particular employ, second, retaining those employees and third, further developing their talent to achieve preferable business performance, consistently. He explains that achieving optimum business performance through these three processes of talent management would be feasible, only if the management itself is talented. Davenport, et al. (2010) explains that analysing, for example supply chain management or customer relationships is very similar to analysing talent, for the reason that they have comparable analysing process from the start to the end. They explain that analysing talent begins with clarification of identity à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" individuals professio nal background à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" and ends with aligning changing needs of the organisation with real-time deployment of talent. 3. Four stages of talent management strategy 3.1. Sourcing talent The two methods of sourcing talent are internally à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" selecting current employees within the organisation who have the required talent and can shift position or department or employees who , for example, can participate in more than one project à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" and externally à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" looking for talent outside the organisation. Sourcing talent internally has significant priority. One of the first criteria that each corporate assigns to sourcing talents, as Davis (2007) suggests, should be assuring that the needed talent does not exist or is not available within the corporate, for the reason that, current employees have a better understanding of the business through experience and also the corporate has a clear understanding of its employees profiles. Knowing that, either sourcing internally or externally requires adopting an appropriate sourcing talent technique. He remarks that one of the most important elements of a reliable technique is to clarify the skills or personal qualities the source needs to have to deliver what is required, rather than focusing on the job description. In other words, how individuals accomplish specific tasks should receive more attention than the number of tasks they can maintain. In order to specify the skills required for a certain job in the organisation, the author suggests applying cross-functional decision making concerning talent. Cross-functional collaboration literature (e.g. Levy, 2011; Hislop, 2005; Slagter, 2009)suggest that the main advantage of bridging HRM and the function within the department, which requires the talent, gives the experts in both departments to set the most feasible talent selection criteria. Davenport, et al. (2010) describe that analytical HR consist of collaboration between HR and other functions or departments. This collaboration will result in optimum talent management through which the organisation would benefit the most from its intellectual capital. They expla in that Analytical HR integrates individuals performance data with organisational objectives which be followed by better understanding the areas which need talent development. This shows the great interdependence between this element of talent management and talent development. 3.2. Work environment In this part of the essay, the author investigates the relationship between work environment/climate and successful talent management from two parallel perspectives. Firstly, the impact of work environment on employee satisfaction and productivity is non-negotiable and its influence on success of talent management, in term of retention, is considerable (Botha, et al., 2011). In order to maximise the performance of talents, providing motivational features embedded in the design of work environment followed by satisfying talents need à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" where they can elicit their skills fully à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" is as critical as a competitive salary is for attracting and retaining talents. For example, as Yeh (2007) expresses, HR especial practices for highly mobile talents has positive impact on minimising turnover and maximising employee satisfaction. On the other hand, HR acculturation practices prepare a work environment, especially for entry level employees, in which employees w ill have the opportunity to better understand organisational beliefs and work towards its goals. The second perspective is the impact of work environment on knowledge elicitation and transfer between experts and other employees or functions within one organisation (Botha, et al., 2011; Hislop, 2005; Hofer-Alfeis, 2008). There is another great interdependence between two stages of talent management, motivational work environment and retaining experts knowledge. The author investigates this element in detail, in section 3.4. 3.3. Talent development Education and training In the process of talent management, continuous talent development plays an important role. Davis (2007) affirms that one of the fundamental talents required in advancing talent management is learning ability of candidates. Moreover, education element of this process is not limited to academic degrees. It includes professional workshops, certain courses and so on. Skilled workers will have the opportunity to further develop their knowledge and learn about the current works in their area of profession. Communities of practice Hislop (2005) defines that community of practice represents a group of people who, to some extent, have shared identity, common knowledge and overlapping values which results in creating social conditions conductive to knowledge sharing. Motivating communities of practice, and in particular the ones including skilled workers, to actively participate in sharing, creating and utilizing knowledge will be followed by individuals talent development. Significant advantage of this element is increase in the transfer of experts knowledge to other employees followed by reducing the impacts of leaving experts and its risk for the organisation. . Fisher and White (2000) emphasise that supporting effective communities of practice networks have significant motivational role in retaining experts and as a result, reducing knowledge loss. Cross-functional practices As mentioned in section 3.1, talent management advances through collaboration between functions from the start point of the process. Promoting cross-functional experts collaboration will also create an opportunity to better identify the areas that needs further talent development. The author suggests shifting from centralized to cross-functional (decentralized), for example in HR practices, assist the performance of talent management, and illustrated the details associated with this method in Figure 1. Figure 1: Cross-functional communication chain 3.4. Retaining talent/knowledge One of the most influential HRM practices for retaining talents or at least their knowledge, suggested in Human Resource (HR) literature, is motivation. Motivation is foundation of almost all other strategies required for talent retention, for example reward systems (Menon Pfeffer, 2003). Reward systems are, in fact, a major factor motivating employees to collaborate efficiently and effectively (Droege Hoobler, 2003). Winkelen and McDermott (2008) report that not many organisations employ proactive strategic approaches to prevent talent loss, instead most of them seek ad hoc and reactive approaches. After investing time and money in addition to sharing corporate strategies with talents, the main concern for any organisation would be retaining talent as long as possible. Although the organisation does benefit from this investment in terms of overall performance improvement, every organisation wants continuous profit from this investment. If the talents leave the organisation th en not only the whole process needs to be repeated resulting in extra investment but also, particularly in the cases that talents shift to competitors as they take their knowledge of the corporate with them which is higher in risk than any other expenses the organisation might face. Hofer-Alfeis (2008) characterises leaving experts/talents a significant challenge for HRM more than any other function within an organisation. He explains that retiring, shifting positions within an organisation or shifting to another organisation raises the need for approaches through which the organisation, at least, retain the experts knowledge when retaining the experts themselves is not possible. De Long and Davenport (2003), Levy (2011) and Winkelen and McDermott (2008) affirm that the fundamental step in any talent retention strategy should, first, include identifying talents critical to business performance and, second, using tools and techniques assuring transfer of their tacit/undocumented k nowledge to other employees within the organisation. Among the HR practices, Hofer-Alfeis (2008) suggests, job rotation is one of the most reliable ones in terms of spreading the knowledge and making the organisation less dependent on talents. Slagter (2009) adds that network building and conducting seminars facilitates knowledge elicitation and transfer between experts and other employees. Hislop (2005) affirms the interdependence between recruitment and selection process and retaining knowledge. He explains that selecting and recruiting talented individuals with compatible values to those of existing culture of the firm, and the ones who are willing to engage in knowledge transfer practices, will further facilitate the process of talent management. 3.5. Summary The four stages of talent management strategy investigated in section 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 and 3.4 is summarised in Table 1. Talent management stages Method Elements Sourcing talent Internally/externally Candidate identity Experience Expertise Qualifications Organisational critical needs Work enviroment N/A Work culture Work performance review HR and employees communication ways Addressing employees concerns Employee welfare Salaries Risk of job loss Talent development Internally/externally Education Training Communities of practice Cross-functional collaboration Retaining talent/knowledge N/A Opportunites for employee career development Competitive employee support Knowledge elicitation and transfer Table 1: Four stages of talent management 4. Concluding marks The qualitative analysis in this essay highlighted that talent management is not limited to HR practices. It showed that to succeed in talent management, a strategic approach, involving many functions within a firm, is a necessity and it will benefit from covering all the four stages of strategic process of talent management proposed, in parallel. Moreover, findings of detailed investigation of elements of each stage revealed that there is a strong interdependence between all the stages of talent management strategic processes and there is a great need for continuous improvement of the process to achieve advanced business performance. The author concludes that talent motivation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" such as providing great place to work at, opportunities for developing career and so on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" has the greatest effect on success of talent management and especially retaining experts or expert knowledge. Furthermore, talent management strategy that aims at improving business c ompetitive performance needs professional leadership and management talents. Works Cited Barlow, L., 2006. Talent development: the new imperative?. Development and Learning in Organisations: An International Journal, 20(3), pp. 6-9. Botha, A., Bussin, M. de Swardt, L., 2011. An employer brand predictive model for talent attraction and retention. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 9(1). Davenport, T. H., Harris, J. Shapiro, J., 2010. Competing on talent analytics: What the best companies know about their people and how they use that information to outperform rivals. Harvard Business Review , 88(10), pp. 52-58. Davis, T., 2007. Talent Assessment A New Strategy for Talent Management. s.l.:Gower Publishing Limited. De Long, D. W. Davenport, T., 2003. Better practices for retaining organisational knowledge: lessons from the leading edge. Employment Relations, 30(3), pp. 51-63. Droege, S. Hoobler, J., 2003. Employee turnover and tacit knowledge diffusion: a network perspective. Journal of Managerial Issues, 15(1), pp. 50-64. Fisher, S. White, M. , 2000. Downsizing in a learning organisation: are there hidden costs?. Academy of Management Review, 25(1), pp. 244-251. Hislop, D., 2005. Knowledge management in organisations: A CRITICAL INTRODUCTION. s.l.:Oxford University Press. Hofer-Alfeis, J., 2008. Knowledge management solutions for the leaving expert issue. Journal of Knowledge Management, 12(4), pp. 44-54. Levy, M., 2011. Knowledge retention: minimizing organisational business loss. Journal of Knowledge Management, 15(4), pp. 582-600. Lewis, R. E. Heckman, R. J., 2006. Talent management: A critical review. Human Resource Management Review , Volume 16, p. 139à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"154. Menon, T. Pfeffer, J., 2003. Valuing internal versus external knowledge. Management Science, 49(4), pp. 497-513. Slagter, F., 2009. HR practices as predictors for knowledge sharing and innovative behavior: a focus on age. International Journal of Human Resources Development and Management, 9(2/3), pp. 223-249. Sparrow, P., Scullion, H. Tarique, I. eds., 2014. Strategic Talent Management: Contemporary Issues in International Context. s.l.:Cambridge University Press. Winkelen, C. McDermott, R., 2008. Facilitating the handover of knowledge. Knowledge Management Review, 11(2), pp. 24-27. Yeh, Y., 2007. A renewed look at the turnover model for accounting knowledge work force. Journal of the American Academy of Business, 11(1), pp. 103-109.