Essay on Mezzanine Finance Explained - 1794 Words

Mezzanine Finance by Corry Silbernagel Davis Vaitkunas Bond Capital With a supplement by Ian Giddy Mezzanine Debt--Another Level To Consider Mezzanine debt is used by companies that are cash flow positive to fund: further growth through expansion projects; acquisitions; recapitalizations; and, management and leveraged buyouts. When mezzanine debt is used in conjunction with senior debt it reduces the amount of equity required in the business. As equity is the most expensive form of capital, it is most cost effective to create a capital structure that secures the most funding, offers the lowest cost of capital, and maximizes return on equity. Mezzanine debt has been around for over 30 years, however its use in Western Canada and the†¦show more content†¦Although it makes up a portion of a companys total available capital, mezzanine financing is critical to growing companies and in succession planning in recent years. The gap in funding between senior debt and equity is common for the following reasons: 1) accounts receivable, inventories and fixed assets are being discounted at greater rates than in the past for f ear that their values will not be realized in the future; 2) many balance sheets now contain significant intangible assets, and, 3) as a result of defaults and regulatory pressure, banks have placed ceilings on the amount of total debt a company can obtain. While additional liquidity can be obtained from equity investors, equity is the most expensive source of capital. Further, equity capital, by its nature, dilutes existing shareholders. As a result, mezzanine debt can be an attractive alternative way to obtain much needed capital. Capital Structures While there are no hard and fast rules for optimizing a company’s capital structure, companies that are ahead of the curve use an efficient combination of senior debt, mezzanine debt, and equity capital to minimize their true cost of capital. COMPANIES WITH EFFICIENT CAPITAL STRUCTURES EMPLOY A NUMBER OF CAPITAL SOURCES Expected Returns (%) Typical Private Equity Structure (% of total Assets) Senior Debt and Asset Backed (Stretch) Lending 30% - 60% 5% - 12% Mezzanine 20% - 30%Show MoreRelatedThe Debt And Credit Crisis2495 Words   |  10 Pagesback to the industrialization period in the United States where business and finance developed together (Cioffi, Lecture 10/21/14). Finance and industry cooperated with each other, as banks invested in business and provided the capital needed for the industrial sector to develop (Cioffi, Lecture 10/21/14). Finance and industry became codependent on each other to thrive and progress. Consequently, a system grew where finance became the major player behind every aspect of American political economy.Read MoreFinancial Crisis Of The Brc Economies2217 Words   |  9 Pages(from the MBS) were known as Collateralized Debt Obligation (CDO), and were offered by the SPE. The CDO would be split into 3 tranches (equity, mezzanine, and senior), and assigned a rating by rating agencies based on the creditworthiness of the borrower. If the SPE collapsed, the senior tranche would have precedence of their recove ry of assets over the mezzanine and equity tranche. The senior tranche has the highest price, but the lowest risk of default, while the equity tranche has the highest returnRead MoreCorporate Business Finance 7343 Words   |  30 PagesCorporate Business Finance Seminar 5 Project Finance Lauren Leigh Essaram 207507339 Ruvimbo Mukorera 206525531 27 September 2010 Submitted in partial fulfilment of the duly performed requirement of International Business Finance, School of Economics and Finance, University of KwaZulu-Natal Abstract Non-recourse financing has grown in popularity, especially in developing countries. It has done so more specifically in the basic infrastructure, natural resources and also in the energyRead MoreSubprime Mortgage Crisis - a Case Study on Morgan Stanley4048 Words   |  17 Pagesmain slices called senior (low risk), mezzanine (middle risk) and equity (high risk) tranches as shown. Figure 2: A typical CDO tranching structure The division of CDO into various different tranches indicates the sequential allocation of the underlying assets’ default risk. And since higher risks generate higher returns, the equity tranche will receive the highestreturn to compensate for taking on the highest default risk, as compared to the senior or mezzanine tranches. However, when things go wrongRead More2008 Financial Crisis - Lehman Brothers, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac3431 Words   |  14 Pagescentral banks tried to pump in large amounts of liquidity into the global financial system. On 7th September 2008, James B. Lockhart III (2008) announced the decision to place Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac into conservatorship run by the Federal Housing Finance Agency. On 15th September 2008, Lehman Brothers filed for bankruptcy, which caused a series of drastic changes in the stock market. The subprime mortgage meltdown in the US created an economic tsunami that effectively froze the world’s credit marketsRead MoreSeag ate Buyout8389 Words   |  34 Pagescan issue their shares to shareholders without causing tax implications (Mintz). Unfortunately, as it states in an article by S. L. Mintz in CFO Magazine, VERITAS was not interested in venturing into the disk drive industry. The CFO of VERITAS explained that he thought it would be a distraction from their software business. Horizontal merger or buyout The presenting group mentioned a merger as an option to address Seagate’s low stock price, but they never elaborated on benefits or problematicRead MoreMix of Debt and Equity6786 Words   |  28 Pages a) Definition Classifications of Equity Financing 16 b) Advantages of Equity Financing 18 c) Disadvantages of Equity Financing 19 3. The mixture of Debt and Equity 20 a) Definition 20 b) Why do virtually all companies choose to finance themselves by the mixture of debt and equity? 22 c) What factors can affect the ratio of debt and equity of a company? 22 d) Optimal Level of Debt-to-Equity 24 V. CONCLUSION 27 I. ABSTRACT In the age of Globalization and specially globalizedRead MoreThe Aig Bailout22345 Words   |  90 Pagespublic/_files/KohnStmtMarch52009.pdf. 2. Press Release, American International Group, Inc., AIG Reports Full Year and Fourth Quarter 2007 Results (Feb. 28, 2008), available at http://idea.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/5272 /000095012308002282/y50505exv99w1.htm. 3. Yahoo! Finance, AIG: Historical Prices for American International Group, Inc., http://finance.yahoo.com/q/hp?s=AIG (last visited Sept. 29, 2009) (on file with the Washington and Lee Law Review). THE AIG BAILOUT 945 loan.4 Government aid has since grownRead More Biography of Joseph Patrick Kennedy Essay3933 Words   |  16 Pagesfinancial genius all right, but in politics, he is something else.† Kennedy distanced himself from his son during the period prior to and during the nomination process, and did not return to Massachusetts until the election took place. His wife, Rose explained: â€Å"He has been a controversial figure all of his life and he thinks it’s easier for his sons if he doesn’t appear on the scene.† Jack Kennedy won the presidential election in 1960, fulfilling his father’s dream. But Kennedy’s reaction was modest:Read MoreDarden Mba Resumes16768 Words   |  68 PagesEDUCATION Darden Graduate School of Business Administration University of Virginia Candidate for Master of Business Administration, May 2011 ï‚ · Awarded Batten Innovation Scholarship (merit-based full tuition scholarship); ï‚ · GMAT: 730; AWA: 5.5 ï‚ · Member of F inance Club, Energy Club and Darden Capital Management Club Charlottesville, VA Nanyang Technological University Singapore Bachelor of Engineering (Computer Engineering) and Minor in Business, June 2006 ï‚ · Awarded full scholarship (among top 50 from over

Education For Hispanic Caregivers On The Lack Of Quality...

Introduction Purpose of Curriculum The purpose of this curriculum is to enhance the appropriate education for Hispanic caregivers on the lack of quality care and the services that are provided for individual that are diagnosed with a mental health illness. Hispanic caregivers engage in a major part of these individuals by supporting, helping, and encouraging them to move forward in life. However, due to the deficiency of understanding the individual’s Mental health illness can also be a contributor to the process of acquiring services. Additionally, the services need to also be relevant to their cultural background needs. Social workers within the Mental health system will provide this training to enhance Hispanic caregivers by giving them a better insight on, advocacy, support, and values toward mental health services. This training curriculum will include the defining of language barriers Hispanic caregivers encounter, the assistance to provide the appropriate services for their culture, the understanding of stigma within their society, and an overview of the individual’s confidentiality that is stated in the NASW’s code of ethics for reassurance of their privacy. Rational for Curriculum The rationale for this curriculum is to increase the development to educate Hispanic caregivers on understanding of the appropriate services that are available in respect to the individual’s mental illness. Hispanic caregivers in particular find it difficult to access services becauseShow MoreRelatedThe Prevalence Of Overweight / Obesity1616 Words   |  7 Pageschildren. One related it to the low socioeconomic status of the caregivers (SEP) and this study/research was conducted in Pitt County, North Carolina. 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Wealth creates disparities in high quality education, employment, housing, childcare, nutrition,Read MoreBeing Poor Is Hazardous to Ones Health1670 Words   |  7 PagesPlace matters,, 2008). The epidemiologist Ana Diez-Roux points out that conditions that affluent neighborhoods take for granted that promote better health include clean air, water and living space. When one looks at county maps showing poverty, education, asthma and diabetes rates in Richmond and they are are laid on top of one another, patterns emerge that show that these afflictions are usually due to the poor living on top of or next to a toxic waste dump. An example of this in Unnatural CausesRead MoreCritical Issues Paper Of Testing Equality1682 Words   |  7 Pagesdiagnosis and testing process can be very intimidating to the parents, especially if this is their first child with a disability. The diagnostician has to remember to make the caregivers feel familiar with the process (McManus, 2014). The feeling of intimidation can be a relevant when concerns and topics of the overall health care and diagnosis is discussed. Not only can the parents feel intimidated, but there can also be an added lan guage barrier. When the family has a difficult time speaking English

Free Hamlets The Foils in Hamlet Hamlet ess Essay Example For Students

Free Hamlets: The Foils in Hamlet Hamlet ess Essay aysFoils in Hamlet A foil is a minor character that helps the audience better understand a major character. A foil may exist as a comparison character, with similarities between the two, as well as differences that bring to light an important contrast between the foil and the main character. A foil may also just be someone for the main character to talk to, so we can know and understand their thoughts and feelings. Foils help us understand the obvious as well as the arcane. In the classic tragedy Hamlet, we see William Shakespeare employ foils to illustrate both examples. They become important literary tools that help the reader rationalize the concurrent theme of the play deceit. Of the four young men who occupy a place in the life of Hamlet, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern appear, at least initially, to be his closest friends. They are schoolmates at Wittenburg, and Hamlet greets them both amicably, remarking, My excellent good friends! How dost thou,. . Queen Gertrude affirms the status of their relationship when she says, And sure I am two men there is not living to whom he more adheres. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are unaware, however, of the real story behind the death of Hamlets Father. They do not have the benefit of seeing his ghost, as Hamlet has. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are very loyal to the new King. Unlike Hamlet, they initially have no reason not to trust Claudius. But they become unwitting and unknowing pawns for both factions. Their relationship with Hamlet begins to sour. Hamlet realizes what the King is up to, and he becomes distrustful of the two. Sblood, do you think I am easier to be played on than a pipe?, Hamlet remarks in disgust. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern never address Hamlet in such a disrespectful tone, despite the change in their relationship. In the end, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are naively loyal to Hamlet, and this becomes their downfall. They know that Hamlet has killed Polonius, and yet, they take no precautions as they accompany Hamlet to England. Their trust in both Claudius and Hamlet gets them killed. Hamlets reveals his mistrust of his schoolmates in a conversation with his mother, and refers to Rosencrantz and Guildenstern as, .. .my two-school fellows, whom I will trust as adders fanged Hamlets friendship with his third colleague from this group is much different compared to that of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. Horatio, also a classmate at Wittenburg, does not appear initially to occupy the same social status as did the former two. He addresses Hamlet and says, The same, my lord, and your poor servant ever. So Horatio may be from a lower social-economic class. Like Hamlet, he sees a ghost, but is not sure that the ghost was the king, as he admits to only seeing the king once before, another argument for Horatios unfamiliarity with the royal family. Horatios most important role as a foil does not become evident until the end of the play. His conversation with Hamlet just before the fatal duel with Laertes provides us with an insight into Hamlets state of mind. Horatio advises Hamlet to back down if he does not like the circumstances, and Horatio will attest to Hamlets not being fit. Hamlet will not allow this, and in fact expects that he will lose his life in this battle with Laertes. It is Horatio for whom Hamlet cries out when he realizes that he has been poisoned. Horatio attempts to drink from the cup also, but Hamlet prevents him from doing so. His final request to Horatio is that he tell this story to all. .u41e84ca80a545850d997921de2e3f6ea , .u41e84ca80a545850d997921de2e3f6ea .postImageUrl , .u41e84ca80a545850d997921de2e3f6ea .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u41e84ca80a545850d997921de2e3f6ea , .u41e84ca80a545850d997921de2e3f6ea:hover , .u41e84ca80a545850d997921de2e3f6ea:visited , .u41e84ca80a545850d997921de2e3f6ea:active { border:0!important; } .u41e84ca80a545850d997921de2e3f6ea .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u41e84ca80a545850d997921de2e3f6ea { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u41e84ca80a545850d997921de2e3f6ea:active , .u41e84ca80a545850d997921de2e3f6ea:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u41e84ca80a545850d997921de2e3f6ea .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u41e84ca80a545850d997921de2e3f6ea .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u41e84ca80a545850d997921de2e3f6ea .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u41e84ca80a545850d997921de2e3f6ea .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u41e84ca80a545850d997921de2e3f6ea:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u41e84ca80a545850d997921de2e3f6ea .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u41e84ca80a545850d997921de2e3f6ea .u41e84ca80a545850d997921de2e3f6ea-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u41e84ca80a545850d997921de2e3f6ea:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Why Study Economics Essay Horatio has become Hamlets strongest friend and closest ally. It is no coincidence then, that Horatios fate becomes the exact opposite of the ultimatum that fell to Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. No other foil provides a starker contrast in character to Hamlet than does Laertes. It would appear that one of their few common threads lies in the fact that both of their fathers have been murdered. Both seek to avenge these deaths, but it is Laertes who needs no additional motivation. Hamlet does not act until his mother is poisoned accidentally. Laertes is also away at school, but in Paris instead of Wittenburg. Hamlet procrastinates after seeing his fathers ghost. His inability to take immediate action shapes the plot of the story. Indeed, if Hamlet acts quickly, there would be only one act of Hamlet. Laertes, upon hearing of his fathers demise wants swift and fervent justice. Although he is the more impassioned of the two, it is this incisiveness that leads to Laertes demise. He allows himself to be manipulated, enamored by the kings rhetoric. Laertes, suddenly realizing the plot at hand, repents for his killing of Hamlet, true to his character even in the face of death. Hamlet seeks to blame his madness for the death of Polonius, and never admits fault for the fate of his schoolmates. The deaths of Laertes and Hamlet in the final act are a juxtaposition of their respective characters. Throughout the play we are reminded of Hamlets egocentricism, but it is not until this final scene that we can reach this conclusion unequivocally.

Marketing Strategy and Plan Digital Marketing

Question: Discuss about theMarketing Strategy and Planfor Digital Marketing. Answer: Introduction Unlike other clothing brands, Uniqlo does not focus on targeting any particular group of religion of the market. In fact, Uniqlo believes that all the clothing garments are manufactured for every individual. As a result, social media marketing and global website strategy of Uniqlo has created major impact on the USA market. For instance, Uniqlo has developed 13 unique country specific websites to ensure cite design goes easily with the different cultures and values of the global customers (uniqlo.com 2017). Uniqlo has maintained USA website contents extremely clear and to the point so that it can grab the attention of the customers. Moreover, Uniqlo has also provided conscious effort to maximize the impact of social media marketing strategy. As highlighted by Tiago and Verssimo (2014) social marketing strategies of Uniqlo focuses on including different popular platforms including Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and LinkedIn to reach to its potential customers in an appropriate way. More over, Uniqlo has tried to utilize social media presence to describe its culture on the global platform. For that reason, digital marketing content of Uniqlo has consciously focused on avoiding any religious dilemma so that people from all community can able to feel connected with the organization. Presently, Uniqlo has around 57.7K followers on the Twitter platform that establish the fact that social media contents of the organization have able to grab the attention of the global customers (uniqlo.com 2017). Uniqlo has not only focused on providing information related to business perspectives or special offers but also try to include content related to the entire marketing activities of the sector. For instance, Uniqlo has tried to include content that describes the process by which styles and preferences of the people have changed over time. In addition, Uniqlo has also consciously tried to highlight present trends from different geographical locations so that people can capture in-depth information about the fashion trends. As mentioned by Kim and Ko (2012) development of effective plan for the digital marketing concept is extremely crucial. Specifically, as popularity of social media and internet platform is increasing continuously, it can provide business entities the opportunities to get into the head of the potential customers. For that reason, Uniqlo will have to focus on the effective utilization of digital marketing strategies to achieve competitive advantage in the market. Now, Fosdick (2012) have highlighted the fact that organizations will have to focus on the development of content associated with the digital marketing to maximize its impact on the market. For instance, Uniqlo will have to utilize digital marketing concept in such way that can grab the attention of the younger generation. For that reason, Uniqlo needs to utilize different colourful pictures, graphics and videos so that it can grab the attention of the potential customers in an effective way. More importantly, Uniqlo need to u tilize their audience or followers to enhance the quality of the developed content. For instance, Uniqlo can allow people to send different contents related to the organization, which will be published on the social media platform. As per the article by Chaffey and Ellis-Chadwick (2012), organizations need to focus on developing two types of content including descriptive and promotional content to penetrate the market in an effective way. Therefore, Uniqlo will also have to focus on developing descriptive content regarding the organizational aims and objectives so that customers can able to associate with the organization. On the other hand, Uniqlo will also have to focus on developing promotional content, which will include different offers and other facilities so that it can induce people to purchase from the provided clothing products. Moreover, Uniqlo will also have to focus on the distributing perspective of the content to ensure the developed blog or other promotional content has reached to the targeted customers. For that reason, Uniqlo need to include as many social media platforms as possible to reach every segment of the geographical market in an effective way. Whenever the business organizations were struggling to emerge fashionable clothes in the market, the entrance of Uniqlo has changed the overall concept of trendy and fashionable clothes by rendering eye-catching designs at reasonable price. Uniqlo has always focused on changing the traditional fashion concept (Hays, Page and Buhalis 2013). In fact, it had tried to provide completely new designs at extremely cheaper price for grabbing major share of the market. For that reason, it will help the organization to target the teenagers and younger generation in a major way. The business objective of Uniqlo has focused on providing superior quality of clothing garments at comparatively cheaper price. Moreover, business proposition of Uniqlo has consciously tried to cover changing fashion trends of different region to maintain the satisfaction level of the customers at the desired level. Presently, Uniqlo is trying to develop retail outlets in different part of USA and other European region to increase the convenience level the desired order. Now, in order to deliver the developed content at the desired destination, Uniqlo will have to focus on effective utilization of content distribution network (CDN). Uniqlo need to focus on CDN, as it will provide content to the end user with high performance and high availability. Moreover, CDN will allow Uniqlo to include web objects like graphics, text and scripts on the different streamline media and social media platforms. As a result, it will allow Uniqlo to reach to more number of people from all across the globe (Nicholls 2012). In addition, effective utilization of CDN will eventually allow Uniqlo to reduce the cost associated with the digital marketing concepts. As a result, it will help the organization to fulfil all the aims and objectives in an appropriate manner. As opined by Whiting and Williams (2013) proper development of social media strategies has become necessary for the business entities for creating desired impact on the global market. For that reason, Uniqlo will also have to focus developing systematic procedure for creating desired impact on the market. Firstly, social media marketing strategy of Uniqlo will have to focus on the development of clear aims and objectives for gaining the attention of the potential customers. Secondly, Uniqlo will have to focus on the effective utilization of social media audit to understand which section of the market is following the organization. As a result, it will help to identify target market of Uniqlo in an appropriate manner. Moreover, it will also allow Uniqlo to eliminate any type of adverse strategies from the social marketing concept. Thirdly, Uniqlo will have to analyze the kind of social media marketing approach has been initiated by the competitors. This is crucial for developing count er strategies in an effective way. Fourthly, social media marketing plan of Uniqlo will have to focus on evaluating possible alternate opportunities for enhancing the effectiveness of the plan. For that reason, Uniqlo will have to update the entire social media pages continuously for ensuring that maintaining the focus level of the people at the desired order. Fourthly, Uniqlo will have to follow different trends set by the industry leaders to grab the attention of the customers in an effective way (Jrvinen et al. 2012). It will allow Uniqlo to handle present thinking perspectives of the potential customers. Fifthly, Uniqlo will have to focus on formulating editorial calendar and content plan for maximizing the impact on the global market. Finally, Uniqlo will have to evaluate the effectiveness of the present social media marketing strategies on the market. It will help to make specific adjustment with the initiated marketing strategies for enhancing the popularity level in the glob al market. References: Chaffey, D. and Ellis-Chadwick, F., 2012.Digital marketing. Pearson Higher Ed. Fosdick, M.A.G.G.I.E., 2012. The globalization of social media: Consumer relationships with brands evolve in the digital space.Strategic Direction,28(6). Hays, S., Page, S.J. and Buhalis, D., 2013. Social media as a destination marketing tool: its use by national tourism organisations.Current issues in Tourism,16(3), pp.211-239. Jrvinen, J., Tollinen, A., Karjaluoto, H. and Jayawardhena, C., 2012. Digital and social media marketing usage in b2b industrial section.Marketing Management Journal,22(2). Kim, A.J. and Ko, E., 2012. Do social media marketing activities enhance customer equity? An empirical study of luxury fashion brand.Journal of Business Research,65(10), pp.1480-1486. Nicholls, J., 2012. Everyday, everywhere: alcohol marketing and social mediacurrent trends.Alcohol and Alcoholism,47(4), pp.486-493. Tiago, M.T.P.M.B. and Verssimo, J.M.C., 2014. Digital marketing and social media: Why bother?.Business Horizons,57(6), pp.703-708. uniqlo.com, 2017. Women's, Men's and Kids' Clothing and Accessories | UNIQLO US. [online] Uniqlo.com. Available at: https://www.uniqlo.com [Accessed 31 Jan. 2017]. Whiting, A. and Williams, D., 2013. Why people use social media: a uses and gratifications approach.Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal,16(4), pp.362-369.

How to write study plan free essay sample

From 1 July 2007, students admitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences (HU) will be offered one postgraduate studies discipline only: Medical Science. All postgraduate students accepted from this date onwards will therefore follow the same General Study Plan. In order to be able to defend their doctoral dissertations, postgraduate students at HU will need to achieve a course target equivalent to not less than 33 credits (38 credits for certain research students) for a doctorate and not less than 18 credits for a licentiate degree (23 credits for certain research students). Postgraduate students at HU are trained in research, development work and other problem solving within the higher education, private and public sectors. HU offers qualitatively excellent masters and postgraduate courses designed to produce graduates and PhDs of a very high international standard. 1 1. Admission, qualification requirements and selection for acceptance onto postgraduate level courses According to the Higher Education Ordinance, the Faculty Board is responsible for admission to courses at postgraduate level. We will write a custom essay sample on How to write study plan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page At HU this task is delegated to FUN. 2 Preparation for admissions is made by the respective departments. FUN is the deciding body regarding admission; it bases it decisions on those of the respective department boards. The following is required for admission to a postgraduate course at HU: – – – – – basic and specific qualifications the applicant is assessed to be capable of completing the course successfully an individual study plan (where appropriate3 approved by an operations manager or equivalent) including a funding plan Postgraduate students admitted onto a licentiate degree course will complete their studies with this degree. On completion of a licentiate degree, the individual concerned can apply for admission to subsequent postgraduate studies leading to a PhD. However, in such cases, the same terms and conditions apply as for new admissions to postgraduate studies for a PhD. The admissions seminar will then though be in the form of a midpoint review (see Midpoint review). 7 See HF ch 7 Â § 37 3 (8) Allman studieplan Medicinsk vetenskap 2008-12-03 Beslut Dnr LiU 770/07-50 Bioethics and research ethics, 3 cr Scientific communication and information retrieval, 3 cr TOTAL 2. 1 Basic general science courses Basic general science courses: 18 credits (11 cr for licentiate degree) The mandatory basic general science courses (11 cr) are to be completed before the midpoint review can be performed or licentiate degree taken. Basic general science courses passed make up not less than 18 cr (11 cr for licentiate degree), with a maximum 5 cr from any one subject. Courses in bold type are mandatory: 8 1 credit from the previous system corresponds to 1. 5 credits in the Bologna system 4 (8) Allman studieplan Medicinsk vetenskap 2008-12-03 Beslut Dnr LiU 770/07-50 – – – – – – – – Scientific methodology, 5 cr Bioethics and research ethics, 3 cr Scientific communication and information retrieval, 3 cr Basic biostatistics, 5 cr Multivariate statistics, 5 cr Epidemiology, 5 cr Good Clinical Practice (GCP), 2 cr Good Laboratory Practice (GLP), 2 cr Mandatory courses for certain postgraduate students Postgraduate students who are to use laboratory animals are to have passed the applicable course no later than two years after starting their work. 9 – 2. 2 Laboratory animal science, 5 cr Other postgraduate study courses Other postgraduate study courses: min 9 cr for PhD (4 cr for licentiate degree) – Approved participation in and examination passed in subject-specific courses at postgraduate level in which the postgraduate student needs to acquire adequate knowledge, such as set out in the individual course plan or annual review of the postgraduate studies. These courses are to be approved by FUN or in the case of external courses, credited by FUS. – Approved participation in elements in department wide research study programmes with clear credit specifications, such as research institutes. – Other adequate courses, including approved clinical specialist courses (SK courses) that clearly have direct relevance to the research project in the individual study plan (max 5 cr in total). 2. 3 Other credit giving elements Other credit generating elements: min 6 cr for PhD (3 cr for licentiate degree) – Participation in international conferences with a presentation by the candidate, such as postings or lectures (max 2 cr per conference, max 3 cr in total). – Time spent with a research group at another university (gives 1. 5 cr per week, max 3 cr in total). – Participation in a series of seminars, journal clubs etc.at the department (1-2 cr per term depending on intensity, to amount to min 3 cr or max 4. 5 cr in total). 2. 4 Dissertation (scientific paper) To be awarded a degree, a postgraduate student is to have had a scientific paper worth not less than 120 credits or 60 credits (licentiate degree) approved. 9 Central Research Commission proclamation (SJVFS 1992:11) with directives and general advice on training requirements when using animals for scientific purposes etc (L 32). 5 (8) Allman studieplan Medicinsk vetenskap 2008-12-03 Beslut Dnr LiU 770/07-50 Doctoral dissertation Most dissertations at HU are compilation dissertations based on a number of sub works. Such sub works are to be set in an explanatory framework which together with the sub works forms the dissertation. For admissions as from 1 July 2007 and for applications for public defences prior to 1 January 2009 The number of sub works in a compilation dissertation is to be not less than 3-4 original pieces depending on the quality and scope, of which not less than 2 have been accepted for publication in referee-reviewed publications and another 1-2 submitted for publication at the latest when the grade board is appointed. In the case of sub works included in a dissertation, the postgraduate student’s work shall be clearly discernible. For admissions as from 1 July 2007 and for application for public defences as from 1 January 2009 A compilation dissertation for a PhD shall comprise at least two sub works, and normally not more than four. The exact number depends on the quality and scope of the sub works as well as, not least, the role of the doctoral student in creating the respective sub works. The postgraduate student’s contribution must be clearly discernible. Assessment as to whether the presented dissertation work with completed courses equates to four years full-time study and attains a good international standard is done through the grade board’s preview and conclusively by FUN. At least two sub works shall be accepted/published in referee-reviewed publications with international distribution, or be open access publications with referee procedures. The postgraduate student shall be the principal author of at least one of the works. The postgraduate student shall have participated in all parts of the publication process for scientific articles. If fewer than four sub works are involved in the dissertation, the summary, so-called kappa, is included in the application for the public defence. (This last condition applies for application for public defences as from 1 July 2009. ) All dissertations at HU are to adhere to the LiU/HU graphic profile. For further information on format please see www. liu. se/hu. For postgraduate students applying for doctoral studies places for a PhD as from 1 January 2009, the following applies: At least half of the sub works included in the dissertation must be published/accepted for publication after admission to postgraduate study

Silence of the Lambs Climatic Chase Sequence Essays

Silence of the Lambs Climatic Chase Sequence Essays Silence of the Lambs Climatic Chase Sequence Essay Silence of the Lambs Climatic Chase Sequence Essay Story and production elements keep the audience on the edge of their seats during the climatic chase sequence of Silence of the Lambs (SOTL) which sees CS discover BB’s identity and pursue him into his underground lair. Inside JG house CS comes to the realisation that she is in the presence of the serial killer, BB, when the Death’s-head moth lands on the cotton reel. A CU reaction shot of CS expression shows the audience the moment of realisation. BB’s underground lair is a labyrinth of dishevelled rooms each realising something more about his psychosis. The first room that CS enters reveals the dressing room. Situated in the middle of the room under a spot light, reveals the ‘human suit’. Initially CS is shocked to see the subject, first hand, before quickly realising BB is still on the loose. As CS continues to track BB down through the lair, she is on a downward path to find BB. The lighting symbolically gets darker giving each room a particular feel of inhumanity and insanity. The pit in which houses Catherine down a well is singly lit above, creating dramatic shadows, as seen under the eyes of Catherine, the exaggerated effects expresses to audiences how long she has been stuck there for and how mistreated she has been. The medical room shows the extent to which he treats his victims with the green UV lighting highlights how he cuts up the victims limbs and stores them in the tank, after chopping them into pieces on the medical table under the blue light. CS then enters the bedroom in which BB turns of the light and follows her in the dark. Each time CS bursts through the door the camerawork formula shows an objective view from CS, the camera then is on the other side waiting, giving the impression BB is on the other side of the door allowing audiences to see CS’s expression and reaction. When the door opens, CS is holding the gun toward the camera (audiences), building up the suspense and making the audience feel very uncomfortable as if could represent BB point of view (POV)to find that that BB is not in the room. Another component that contributes to building up the suspense is the diegetic sounds. The heavy breathing that we can hear from CS allows us to feel her fear. The humming that comes from the air conditioning, gives an eerie feel, and solidifies that she is in an underground lair with an industrial feel. As the doors are slammed open in the silence, it makes audiences feel as though she is getting closer to BB, where she begins to hear the voice of Catherine, getting louder and louder as she enters ea ch room. These diegetic sounds create a layered, noisy landscape which adds to the audience’s tension. When BB cuts the power and the lights go out CS is observed through BB’s night vision goggles. He takes time to covet her as she struggles in the dark. The camera work switches between objective and subjective. The last thing CS sees is Mrs Littman in the bath. As BB gets slowly closer to BB, an objective view is given as you see more closely, her expressions and fear as she tramples through the darkness. Diegetic sounds are sometimes heightened (volume) then fall away, as each room is entered, its own diegetic sounds are revealed and initially intensified to build suspense. The closer he gets to CS, the louder the score is, highlighting the danger she is in as he is watching her every move. The camera work conveys the major theme of voyeurism and reminds the audience of BB’s desire for transformation. Sound elements aid in the camerawork in drawing out the scene into real time. As BB moves toward CS, the string instruments crescendo, as though CS is pulling the increase in loudness with BB getting closer to her, ultimately reinforcing the dangerous situation and she is virtually doomed. The gunshot exchange between CS and BB is the climatic point of the film. This exchange is very quick in terms of screen time; but packs a punch as it takes place momentarily in pitch black with gunshot flashes illuminating the screen. Once the window is shot out daylight streams into the basement revealing BB dying in the foreground while CS reloads her gun. It is only at this point that the audience can breathe a sigh of relief. The camera work during the gunshot exchange is a shot-reverse-shot as CS turns around in slow motion, in BB’s point of view and then turns to CS point of view as she shoots BB repeatedly, breaking a window and revealing daylight into the room, and allowing audiences to see BB fall to his death. Immediately after the climax the camera travels forward over BB’s face, then moves to the right to frame the Bill Skins Fifth newspaper headline on the wall and finally moves left across the room to rest under the butterfly mobile. This continuously camera sequence efficiently brings the main storyline to a close; BB is dead, he did not get to kill victim No. 6 and he did not complete his female suit transformation. Exterior shots of Catherine walking from the house holding Precious and CS under the arm of CR add to the resolution of the main storyline and also one lamb is saved, a character issue that CS suffers from. As CS is being comforted by CR this shows that she now has a father figure and a role model to look up to, something she hasn’t had in a very long time. CS also finds triumph in a man world as she finds success in solving the case and becoming an FBI agent. It also gives the audience time to think about the closing (denouement). CR congratulates CS and says â€Å"Your father would have been proud today†. HL calls CS to make her aware that he is still on the loose, however, he intends to not see CS again â€Å"I have no plans to call on you, the world’s more interesting with you in it† as he trusts her to not come hunting for him, â€Å"You know I can’t make that promise†, foreshadowing the next instalment and makes audiences believe that there could be a possible interaction between both characters in the following movie. He asks an important question; â€Å"Well Clarice, have the lambs stopped screaming?† the audience is left to ponder this question as a conclusive ‘yes’ cannot be confirmed. The film ends with a continuous crane shot of HL walking from out of the darkness into overcast and naturalistic lighting from the weather, into a crowd (Bahamas) in pursuit of Dr Chilton and revenge; â€Å"I’m having an old friend for dinner†. This crane shot effectively reminds the audience of HL’s freedom and draws their attention to the central character of the next instalment of the Thomas Harris trilogy; Hannibal.

How Is Digital Learning Going To Change Education Research Paper

How Is Digital Learning Going To Change Education - Research Paper Example From the report it is clear that the improvement in the web- based technology has further helped teachers of the educational institutes to effectively use various online resources for delivering accurate information to the learners. The implementation of technology in the education sector opens new possibilities for the learners to share different ideas and facts. Digital learning process makes the teaching process easier for the educators. The topic so selected for the purpose of research examines the effectiveness of applying digital way of teaching in the classroom. This paper tends to evaluate the effectiveness of online learning for learning. While innovation within different sectors including the educational sector is increasing at a faster rate, but still it is of less importance as compared to the traditional way of teaching. The implementation of digital learning process in the classroom enhances the education process, but lack of technological improvement prevents its appli cation in many schools. The main aim of the paper is to analyse the impact of digital learning in school and education process. The paper examines the positive as well as negative aspect of implementing digital learning process in schools. The paper also tends to evaluate the aspect of digital learning based on â€Å"Westwood International School".  The use of digital learning in the educational institutes can also be regarded as a substitute for the traditional way of teaching.  

Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Art - Essay Example The painting, hauntingly striking was initially christened Der Schrei der Natur in Norwegian, or the Scream of Nature. The current Skrik, when loosely translated bestows upon it the title it is known by. Munch in a journal entry recorded sensing â€Å"an infinite scream passing through nature†, while out walking one day accompanied by friends. There are various theories about the inspiration behind the creation. Munch painted what he felt, as described in the journal entry mentioned. Another theory places the eruption of Krakatoa in 1883 behind the visual inspiration for the blood-red background, disputed by scholars who claim him to be expressive rather than descriptive in his style. Others attribute the figure’s cadaverous appearance to be caused by Munch’s probable visits to the Museum of Natural History in Florence or during the Exposition Universale in Paris where such mummified exhibits were on display. Then again, there are many who compare the environment of The Scream to that experienced by sufferers of depersonalization disorder, arguing that Munch probably suffered from the ailment. It is quite a famous painting in my opinion, instantly recognizable like the Mona Lisa. It has featured in many movies, being the inspiration behind the mask in the Scream series of films; programs as well as in the print media. Caricaturized, humored or revered, The Scream is pretty much a public figure.

Creating a Safe and Healthy Work place Literature review - 1

Creating a Safe and Healthy Work place - Literature review Example The origins of a safe and healthy workplace have come in from the discussions which have centered on the premise of bringing out the best value for the sake of the most prized resources, i.e. the employees themselves. (Cantor, 2008). Ever since there has been debate on the pointer of the safe and healthy workplace domains, the employees have started to realize that they need to be offered the best possible avenues from where their growth and development could be ensured within the professional ranks. The safe and healthy workplace debates are being propagated because these center on the premise of bringing about a positive and the  incremental change – a change that happens for the wellness of the people at large, and in building solid links and relationships with the top management hierarchies. The safe and healthy workplace realms are always appreciated within the global organizations because these have been benchmarked with the passage of time. It is imperative to think o f these understandings in terms of the best practices as such, because this is the need of the hour (Cantor, 2008). What is significant here is to comprehend the fact that its origins get recharged whenever there are irregularities within the relevant systems, and when there is a dire need to get the act straight for the restoration of safe and healthy workplace domains. The safe and healthy workplace realms are staunchly built upon the rationale that the employees must receive the maximum benefits.

Analysis of Reading Lolita in Tehran by Azar Nafisi

Analysis of Reading Lolita in Tehran by Azar Nafisi The real Azar Nafisi Reading Lolita in Tehran is a book written by Azar Nafisi and talks about the struggles of a woman was born in Iran moved to the United States to study abroad. She got most of her education from the US and the UK. She moved back to Iran in the late 1970’s and she found here country was in a revolution and war was everywhere. The book it divided into four parts Lolita, Gatsby, James, and Austen each tells a part of the story and her life. She goes on to explain what has happened to her country and the teachings that she has done. Nafisi used to teach at different schools in Iran but the school board found her teachings wrong and expelled her. She was fed up so she got some of her best students and brought them over her house each week to discuss about all sorts of different books. Everyone there used the classes as an escape from reality of Iran’s rules and control because they were able to discus about all they wanted and to let out what they felt about their dreams wishes without anyone judging them, Since they were all woman and woman’s had no rights in Islam. One moment I the book that stood out to me in part one was when Nafisi’s mother, a person who is nothing like a Muslim woman marries a proper Muslim man they somehow work it out. Her mother loves to wear a chador because she feels is something very special to her. What gave me a shock was when the mother taught her daughter English instead of Arabic and that the father allows her. Back then woman weren’t forced to wear a chador so u can tell how much she loved her husband. During the time Nafisi was teaching the seven students at her house why she was so shocked to see her students come out of her shell or in her words â€Å"I could not get over the shock of seeing them shed their mandatory veils and robes and burst into color† (Azar Nafisi 5) She wanted to teach what the schools deemed wrong so she got her seven best students and used the teachings to release all of their ideas, emotions, and frustrations with each other as they discussed books and other literary works. In the article titled â€Å"The book club† by Sam Munson she explains how when Nafisis was teaching in the schools the government started to decide what was allowed and didn’t like what Nafisis was teachings so she got expelled and that is what got her to make this small club with some of her students. Soon each one of here students started to open up to each other â€Å"Gradually, each one gained an outline and a shape, becoming her own inimitable self† (Az ar Nafisi 5) In part two of the book you start to see all the different type of personality’s that her students have and how special they are. It also shows that Nafisis knew them very well before she picked them. She let her students be the judge and jury of the books even though she knew the answer. Even if the students didn’t talk for the books she got them to start thinking for themselves and not just follow someone. In Iran they only allowed works from Tehran to be read. Nafisis got the books and asked her students to evaluate them based on their writing and literature they also focuses a lot of their time on Gatsby to review and learn from it. Why was Nafisis having trouble with her marriage? Her father went to jail so she was left alone and during that time she said â€Å"I was insecure enough to marry on the spur of a moment, before my eighteenth birthday† (Azar Nafisi 83) She married a man who â€Å"wasn’t like us† (Azar Nafisi 83) she thought of him as he was full of himself and that he was crazy jealous this prompted Nafisis to want a divorce with him. The only way she could get a divorce was to get the approval of her father and he agreed when she said she would not sue for alimony. In the article â€Å"Lolita in Tehran Author Goes Silent† by Madeline Brand said that Nafisis had suffered all her life. Her mother died when she was so young and her father was put in jail. That might be the reason to why she wanted to marry at such a young age. Because the author is from Iran you can see a lot of the connections made in the story. The struggles she faces and how she overcomes them and also when she moved to the United States she sees the world different since it’s a new place. She then goes back to Iran and it’s under war and she can’t teach anymore since she got expelled. It is related to the novel in a big way since she has a lot of experience with her home country and her background of a hard life, how her mom died when she was young and her father put in jail. She was left alone. In the biographic article titled â€Å"Azar Nafisi† by Ed. Jeffrey W. Hunter he wrote a wonderful article on her struggles and her biographical of her young age and what she went through. The tone in the novel is morel like rebellious because the woman are under oppression and they want to be free so they try to go â€Å"against the man† most of the time and it relates a lot with the characters since most of them are female. Nafisi especially, she teaches at a school then the school no longer allows her to teach there because of her content so in order to rebel she gets some of her best students who are also female and brings them over to her hose for the weekend to discuss the books and topics that she was discussing when she was still teaching. The article â€Å"Reading Lolita in Tehran: A Memoir in Books. (Arts Letters)† by Christopher Byrd he states â€Å"Nafisi convincingly argues, pose an even greater threat to a despotic orthodoxy than any open display of political rebellion.† Showing her rebellious nature, she doesn’t want to feel inferior and the tone of the novel is set around not being oppressed she shows it a lot in the story. The relationship about this novel and the topic of literature is that in the novel Nafisi Loves to teach and on her first day of school asked if fiction is even important in literature. The way it’s related is by how the novel is being presented it’s not just a story it tells the story of a person and the hardships they went thru. The story itself is an expression of individual thought and the feeling of accomplishing from the creative process. Authors wish to share their experiences with their novels and books, their understanding and observations. It’s like making music you share what you are feeling using words in a song. In conclusion the book Reading Lolita in Tehran was a good read, it talked about the struggles Nafisi had in her life how she became a teacher moved to the united states then came back to her home town of Iran to find out it’s at war and she can’t teach anymore so she starts her own â€Å"club† where she picked some of her best students and discussed with them about books. It also talks about some parts of The Great Gatsby in part II and the reactions it had with the people from her weekend club. This book was interesting and I would read it again if I had to. Work Cited Nafisi, Azar. Reading Lolita in Tehran: A Memoir in Books, 2003. Kindle file. Books, Reading Lolita in Tehran: A Memoir in, and Sam Munson. The book club. Commentary  116.2 (2003): 72+. Literature Resource Center. Web. 26 Apr. 2014. Lolita in Tehran Author Goes Silent. Day To Day 29 Dec. 2008. Literature Resource Center.  Web. 26 Apr. 2014. Azar Nafisi. Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Jeffrey W. Hunter. Vol. 313. Detroit: Gale,  2012. Literature Resource Center. Web. 26 Apr. 2014. Byrd, Christopher. Reading Lolita in Tehran: A Memoir in Books. (Arts Letters). The Wilson  Quarterly 27.3 (2003): 126+. Literature Resource Center. Web. 26 Apr. 2014.

Repairing the Problem with Americas Transportation System Essay

Repairing the Problem with America's Transportation System   There is a serious problem with our nation's roads and highways.   I find myself repeatedly avoiding trips to the city for this very reason, as I'm sure many others do as well.   This nerve-wracking congestion is even beginning to find its way into the suburbs and surrounding areas of large cities.   It is a  Ã‚   serious problem that affects everyone who owns an automobile, as well as, businesses that are dependent on reliable and convenient transportation.   To top it all off, this problem is getting worse every year.   The population of this nation is growing, which translates to an increase in cars on the road.   More people are moving to cities and the suburbs that surround them, creating gridlocks everywhere.   No matter what any politician in Washington or employee of the Federal Highway Administration may say, there is a serious and immediate problem with our nation's transportation systems.   The Texas Transportation Institute has recently done several studies that have produced some very alarming results.   For example, the average American spends approximately 26 hours a year stuck in traffic.   Let?s think about that.   The ?average? American spends this long cruising at five miles per hour and cursing at other cars around.   By saying average, the study means this figure also takes into account people living in rural areas who spend maybe one hour a year stuck in traffic.   That means for the majority of us, in the Phoenix area and other large cities, we spend 3 or 4 times more wasting our valuable time in traffic.   For people who drive into the city   everyday for work, it might even be worse (Fay 3).   Now that?s a lot of time if you ask me. To make matters worse... ...ve. Works Cited Fay, William D. & Slater, Rodney E.   ?Q: Should gasoline taxes be used exclusively for  Ã‚   highways Insight on the News   May 26, 1997: 24. Henderson, Rick. ?An end to highway robbery Reason August-Sep 1996: 12. Peratta, Ed.   ?Despite bumps in the road, privatization races on.?   American and City and   County Oct 1995: 50. Peters, Eric.   ?Privatization: the Road Ahead   Consumers? Research Magazine   Dec   1995: 10. Roth, Gabriel.   ?How to Solve our Highway Problems.?   Consumers? Research Magazine  Ã‚   June 1997: 10. Samuel, Peter.   ?The case for privatizing America?s highways.?   USA Today Jan 1997:  Ã‚   60. Voinovich, George V. ?Federal highway spending needs to be road less traveled.? Insight  Ã‚   on the News Jan 6, 1997: 29. West, Jim.   ?Different Views of Gasoline Taxes.?   The Oil and Gas Journal   August 14,   1995: 9.   

Invictus

The movie Invictus taught a lesson of reconciliation, forgiveness, and unity. It was mainly based on one of many Nelson Mandela achievements which was to unite South Africa with the game of Rugby. Invictus took place in 1995, when South Africa was divided into black ands whites. Nelson Mandela was released from prison after 27 years and was elected as the first black President of South Africa. Mandela who was played by Morgan Freeman join forces with Pienaar; Matt Damon’s character, who was also the captain of South Africa’s rugby team; Springboks.The both of them worked together to try and win the World Cup championship and inspire South Africa, even when Pienaar was faced with much backlash from his team and family. Many of the whites in this movie and as well as those black supporters of Mandela, expected that Mandela as President would be an excellent outlet for revenge for those who were brutalized, humiliated and oppressed under the years of apartheid. However, Ne lson Mandela was different, he had overcome the prejudice and hate and did not succumb to such attitude, he didn’t allow it.He know that such actions wouldn’t benefit his country. Nelson was a leader, he was about reconstructing South Africa into a better nation. He went into office with a goal of reconciliation, which began with forgiveness. He first offered jobs to all those who were employed by the previous president, even those same ones who helped imprisoned him. The sport of Rugby, and the Springboks in general were considered symbols and a constant reminder of apartheid to the blacks of South Africa.They wanted to disband the team and start fresh, but Nelson Mandela felt that such actions would only hurt his country more that it already was. So with the help of him and his encouragement the Springboks remained South Africa’s national team, and with his order they helped coached various clinics throughout the country. Eventually Rugby, was South Africaâ₠¬â„¢s national. And when South Africa finally made it to the World cup, their entire country, both black and white, young and old, rich and poor cheered them on.Over all the movie was enjoyable. Morgan Freeman as Mandela and Matt Damon as Pienaar playing the role of a mentor and a motivational coach to his team and his family; the both of them coming together for one cause of uniting everyone, was an inspiring story. However, as far as the rugby scenes being shot, I felt that the action on the field was a little off. I really don’t know much about this sport to well and quite don’t understand the game itself but to me they just didn’t look the part.This movie had taught me and informed me more of Mandela and his actions in this light. It showed me how sports can also unify people. With forgiveness in your heart, as well as determination things are possible. We see the bond between Mandela and Pienaar, who were faced with obstacles but yet they succeeded at their goal. We see the relationship between Nelson Mandela’s security team. We see the Rugby team, majority white, reaching out to their community. And most of all we see the nation of South Africa rallying as one. Overall good movie with good elements.

Run Keeper Essays

Run Keeper Essays Run Keeper Essay Run Keeper Essay I feel like Jason Jacobs portrayed many of the characteristics of an Entrepreneur, but there were 5 in particular that he really possessed. Perseverance and determination I felt were the strongest characteristics that he showed. The reason I say that is because after he quit his Job and pursued is desire, he was faced with many doubters of his idea. Even with the negative reactions from individuals, Jacobs pushed and never gave up on making his dream come true. The second highest characteristic he portrayed was energy. He had lots of energy in the sense that he as the only full-time devotee in creating this product. This did not stop him, and his energy inspired the other workers to make this happen as fast as possible. With the energy amongst the workers they produced this app and got it out on the market very quickly. The third characteristic Jacobs really showed was commitment. With 100% commitment in his product, he ran 26. 2 miles in an phone costume, in the Boston Marathon. Running 26. 2 miles is tough enough, but running that far in an phone costume shows people that Jacobs was committed enough to his product. People saw this and even put him on the front page of the New York Times. The fourth characteristic that was strong within Jacobs was creativity. I say this because not only did he create an app, he also incorporated Twitter and Backbone to attract potential customers to his product. The fifth important characteristic that Jacobs abided by was flexibility. The reason I say this is because he named his company Pitilessnesss. I feel like this is flexibility because he is not Just narrowing his single product Just to running, he is allowing himself to be able to create future products in the fitness world like cycling, swimming, and skiing. ) Adding value to the customers life is one f keys to having a successful product. I do feel like Jacobs product does add value to customers because he created a reliable unique product that can help you fully benefit from the running experience. The ideal candidates are all the people that enjoy running and want to experience their exercise to full potential, regardless if they are a serious runner or Just the casual runner. 3) I do feel like there is a threat to Jacobs product, unless he has some type of patent against potential imitators. If he does not have intellectual property, then he will be faced with my imitators. With imitators also comes the threat of a product that might be slightly better, and possibly lower cost than Runner. 4) The features of Runner are very impressive, but I feel like there could be some improvements or added features. One feature that could be added is the paps ability to intertwine their technology with the weather that the runner is running in. This ability could make the current features more accurate, like calories burned. An example of this is, a person running a route in Beaumont during the summer will burn many more calories than if the runner were to run the same route in the middle of winter. I feel like this could be a simple effective improvement that Runner could include. Application Questions: 1) Three things that I am passionate about include: sports, finance, and building passionate about have endless possibilities of business ideas such as new training tools for sports, new ways of making existing players more successful and lengthening their careers. My last thing, building connections with people, can create a life of success in itself. With a wide connection of people in life can help any business or product idea become more successful with knowing the right people. Life is all about who you know, and the more people you know, the better off your business life can be. 2) No, I do not think that Jacobs will obtain his dream of obtaining a billion-dollar company in the app world. I do think that his idea of diversifying his ideas in all kinds of fitness will make him more successful and more profitable in the future. I also believe that his desire to become a billion-dollar business will go a long way. If he really wants to obtain his dream then I am sure he has the potential to create some type of business that will be that successful.

Building My Faith in God Essay Example

Building My Faith in God Essay Example Building My Faith in God Essay Building My Faith in God Essay I grew up in a Catholic family where I was taught how to live with my belief in God. I also evolved it in a community having a good tradition of faith. Obviously, I have that faith in my mind like a custom without any doubts, or actually, I did not know if I felt dubitative or not. Similarly many other children in the community, I had to go to the church every Sunday to hearing and studying the Bible. I also was taught to believe in God, and everything He has done in my life. Although doing all of this in my whole childhood, I did not trust in Him too much. Whether God existed or not, it didn’t matter to me. After having gone far to studying, I had to face with many things affecting on what I had learned about my faith. When knowing about Darwins evolution theory, showing we were not created by God but by a natural selection, I totally did not agree with it. I, even so, were confused and felt doubt about my faith after facing with many questions were set up to me. Nonetheless, when I have been confronting with many problems in my life, and when I could not find anyone consoling me, then the finally one I always think is God. When I also have felt impasse with my decisions, the last one I think is God. Even though always finally thinking about Him, I constantly feel comfort after talking to Him. I, moreover, feel peaceful every time I come to see Him although not really an ethical person. Whenever I come to see and pray with Him, I just simply sit there and look at Him to think about my problems and let Him leads me. From Him spreading out a power to relieve all my troubles, and it makes me feel better. I have learned my life is always better when I am living in line with God. All my trials are easier with him by my side. It is not my natural state to be peaceful in a stressful time, but anytime I slow down and quiet down, I feel His hand is reaching out and handing me blessings even in my darkness time. Nevertheless, not all the t

Current Events and History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Current Events and History - Essay Example People who present current events are more forceful and effective than in the past, with the help of various modernized reporting mechanisms established by the growth of technologies. History is a discipline which is utilized to decipher interpretations from previous or past occurrences. Such concept is utilized in modern disciplines and social fields to symbolize a perspective of the value of previous events which leads with the manners that interpretations of historical events is being analyzed and interpreted by media. There are various manners in which history can be described. This involves investigating, comprehending the hidden hypotheses, outlines, concepts that establish the framework for idea and concepts and realization. History possesses various aspects of definition in different areas of analysis and investigation. Both current events and history simply pertain to the field of stating situations and phenomena as they happen. Such stating includes gathering, investigation, authentication, and illustration of data collected in relation to current events, topics, individuals, and present conditions. Primarily, current events and history give solution to the ever famous 5Ws and 1H - who, what, when, where, why, and how.

Leveson Inquiry - Risk management analysis Coursework

Leveson Inquiry - Risk management analysis - Coursework Example The existence of the new entity was to be sanctioned by state, through the creation and ratification new laws. Conversely, the relevance of the DCMS in the recommendations that the Leveson Inquiry made is premised on the very nature, existence and functions of the DCMS. The DCMS is a department of the United Kingdom government, bearing the responsibility for sports and culture in England, and aspects of the media throughout the entire UK, with these aspects being primarily, broadcasting and the Internet. The aspect of a close relationship is seen in the fact that not only did the recommendations by Lord Justice Leveson qualify the future of press regulation, but the same also looked into the relationship between the press and the public, police and politicians, apart from just making a proscription on phone-hacking and other forms of illegal behaviour. This means that DCMS’s jurisdiction is wide enough to include creative industries (and thereby joining DCMS’s operation s with the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills), leisure and tourism. Since sports is also included in DCMS’s sphere of responsibility, the 2012 Olympic Games, the Paralympics Games and the building of the Digital Economy have fallen within this rubric. In respect to the foregoing, it is important to take to stock, the changes that the recommendations the Leveson Inquiry made, in order to determine the new framework that the DCMS will use to discharge its duties. One of the recommendations that the Leveson Inquiry made is that newspapers should continue to be self-regulated and that the government should have no power to determine what newspapers or newspaper outlets publish. Another recommendation that the Leveson Inquiry made is that there should be a new body taking charge over press standards and that this new body should be a creation of the media industry and that the industry in turn should have a new code of conduct. The Leveson Inquiry also made recommenda tion to the effect that the existence and operations of the newly contrived body or entity should be enshrined in the constitution (legislation). Lord Justice Leveson explained this recommendation as being necessitated by the need to have an independent and effective regulation on the newly formed body. The need for this overhaul according to Lord Justice Leveson is that the current system in which the press is voluntarily self-regulated through the Press Complaints Commission (PCC) has proved to be moribund. It is for this reason that the PCC itself readily agreed to enter a transitional phase, to pave way for the long-term replacement. As the Chairman of PCC, Lord Hunt himself conceded to the fact that there was a dire need for a stronger, tougher and more independent regulator with teeth. Lord Hunt had made it clear before the Leveson Inquiry on the willingness among publications for a new body and a fresh start which would ensue from a legally enforceable contract between the ne w body and publishers. In a closely related wavelength, the aspect of independence which the new regulatory body should have is underscored by the Free Speech Network (FSN) as a representation of editors

Dynamic Of law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dynamic Of law - Essay Example k Stanley cashed in on the popularity of this â€Å"patent medicine† and claimed the liniment can cure a variety of ills such as headaches, chronic pain, kidney troubles, and â€Å"female complaints† such as the menstrual pain (dysmenorrhea) and even male baldness. Because of this connotation, snake oil is used as a synonym for fraud especially in relation to false claims made about a product or service. This is why advertisers today practice ethical standards with the catch phrase â€Å"truth in advertising.† Fraud as a legal construct is a civil wrong which means a victim of fraud can recover money paid for a product or service which did not live up to the claims of the seller. As criminal act, a person perpetrating a fraud is subject to criminal liabilities and imprisonment if convicted by government authorities who try to protect the buying public by giving out warnings. Snake oil was sold in the nineteenth century to an unsuspecting public through the back page of pamphlets and newspapers claiming it is a panacea (cure-all) although it no longer contained the original Chinese snake oil but instead was a mixture of mineral oil, beef fat, red pepper, and turpentine (Gandhi, 2013). Since then, a good number of consumer products were often being sold without any regard for the truthfulness of the claims made by the manufacturer or the seller; included are medicines, consumer durables, organic foods, and also firms claiming their product is â€Å"green.† Greenwashing is a newly-coined term derived from the words â€Å"green† and â€Å"washing† in a deceptive attempt by any company to portray itself to the buying public as an environmentally friendly organization in order to promote the sales of its product or service. This is because of a growing consciousness of caring for the environment resulting from global warming and climate change together with the depletion of non-renewable energy sources that resulted in degradation of the environment and the so-called

Communications Plan Essay Example for Free

Communications Plan Essay The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and TSA awarded a $37m grant for expansion projects at Denver International Airport. These funds are being used for the master plan projects. Approximately $11.6m will go towards rehabilitating runway 8/26, and over $1.7m will be used to improve the taxiway system surrounding Jeppesen Terminal. About $8.7m will be used to upgrade runway 16L/34R. About $15m from the TSA grant will be spent on improving the airports baggage screening system. Stakeholder Analysis To examine the role of the airport stakeholders a precise definition of stakeholders and their goals for the airport is necessary. The purpose of this section is to identify the airport’s goals from the point of view of each stakeholder group. 1) Passengers For passengers, the airport provides a transition point between the ground and air transportation modes, or a connection point between two flights. Different sub-types of passengers have been identified (Neufville Odoni 2003): 1) Arriving passengers 2) Originating passengers 3) Transfer passengers 4) International and domestic passengers 5) Charter and low-fare airline passengers 6) Shuttle/commuter passengers These passenger types are not mutually exclusive; rather, an individual passenger may be a member of more than one subtype of passenger categories. Arriving and originating passengers are commonly referred to as origin and destination (OD) passengers. Independent of the passenger classifications according to the above attributes, the passengers may be viewed in two different capacities in the context of this analysis. First, passengers can be viewed as participants in the economic system, either as business travelers or as tourist/leisure travelers, purchasing services from airport service providers and interacting in different ways with local businesses and the local community. Second, passengers can be viewed as individual travelers that have expectations about receiving quality services, and passing through the airport system in a convenient manner. These two perspectives have different implications on the goals for the airports and will be treated separately in the following subs ections. a) Passengers as Economic Participants Passengers may participate in the economic system in one of several ways: 1) As origin leisure/personal travelers: These are passengers from the local community that use the airport as their departure point for leisure or other personal travel. 2) As origin business travelers: These are travelers representing local businesses, using the airport as their departure point. 3) As destination leisure/personal travelers: These are visitors to the region, for tourism or other personal purposes. 4) As destination business travelers: These are business travelers coming to visit local businesses. If the airport’s traffic is heavily geared toward OD traffic, then demand at the airport is more heavily dictated by the local economy. In contrast, significant connecting (transfer) passenger levels are less sensitive to the performance of the local economy, but those traffic volumes may represent vulnerability for the airport since they are to a greater degree dictated by a carrier’s viability and route decisions. Passengers contribute toward the financing of airport capital improvement projects through Passenger Facility Charges (PFCs) of up to $4.50 per passenger. PFCs are paid directly by passengers through airline tickets and proceeds must be used for capital improvements at the airport that collected them (Wells Young 2003). The goals for passengers as economic participants relates to the cost of travel: Providing access to low airfares is a key objective for the airport in the view of air passengers. b) Passenger as Travelers When considering the passengers as travelers as a stakeholder group, the focus is on the passenger as an individual. The goal of the airport from the individual passenger viewpoint is, moving passengers quickly and conveniently to where they need to go. This view considers the airport as a transit point from one mode of transportation to another, or as a connection point between two different flights. Ensuring on-time performance was raised as the most important aspect to achieving this objective. 2) Business, Commerce, Tourism, Arts, Sports, and Education Organizations The organizations that in various ways are customers of the airport have been summarized as â€Å"business, commerce, tourism, arts, sports, and education organizations†. Some organizations are direct users of the airport by importing or exporting services (i.e. business travelers) and goods (raw materials or finished goods). Other organizations are indirect customers of the airport as a result of their custome rs (e.g. tourists) traveling through the airport. The term â€Å"organizations† is used to encompass both for-profit and not-for-profit organizations. Organizations Organizations whose clients arrive through the airport Organizations that are direct users of the airport Importers of services and goods Exporters of services and goods The airport serves as an engine of business activity for the organizations in the region. The airport drives and supports economic activity in several different ways, including both through business activities directly at the airport and through business activities throughout the regional economy (Button Stough 2000). Underlying goals for maximizing this economic activity include maximizing passenger volumes and traffic at the airport as well as maximizing the number of destinations served and the frequency of those services (Matt Erskine, Greater Washington Board of Trade 2009). As a result of the different types of use of the airport described in the previous paragraph, the priority of one goal over another varies between organizations. 3) Air Carriers Air carriers provide the air transportation service from the airports. Air carriers include both passenger and cargo carriers and are classified into three subcategories (Environmental Protection Agency 2000): 1) Large certified carriers: These carriers have a certificate to carry 61 passengers or more, payload equal to or greater than 18,000 pounds, or conduct international operations. 2) Small certified carriers: These carriers fly aircraft that carry less than 61 passengers, carry less than 18,000 pounds, and do not conduct international operations. 3) Commuter carriers: These are air taxis with a published schedule of at least five weekly round trips between at least two airports. Air carriers select airports based on the passenger demand for service to/from the airports (i.e. revenue generation potential) and based on the cost of operating at the airport. The airlines have the objective of achieving high yields, (Doganis 2002). Airports serve the role of providing access to high yield markets. Attractive airports ensure low cost of air carrier operations at the airport. This includes both minimizing direct fees charged to air carriers through the maximization of non-aeronautical revenues (Dallas Dawson, Tampa International Airport 2009) and minimizing costs incurred by air carriers through delay on the ground (Peter Stettler, Ricondo and Associates 2009). An airport may serve either as a hub for a carrier, with a high portion of that carrier’s flights operating to/from the airport, or as a non-hub airport with a lower portion of flights for a given carrier (Belobaba et al. 2009). In either situation, the airport should act as an efficient hub/connection point, contributing to ensuring air carriers’ on time performance (Pat Oldfield, United Airlines 2009). In addition, it is the expectation of air carriers that airports ensure safety of operations on the airport surface (Kurt Krummenacker, Mood ys 2009). 4) General Aviation Users General aviation encompasses many types of aviation outside the air carrier definition, including (Wells Young 2003). 1) Air taxi operators (except those air taxi operators listed in section IV.A.3) 2) Corporate-executive transportation 3) Flight instruction 4) Aircraft rental 5) Aerial application 6) Aerial observation 7) Business 8) Pleasure Several of the goals listed for air carriers also apply to general aviation in terms of on-time performance, low costs, and safety. However, a representative of a business aviation organization defined the primary goal of airports as serving as access point to the national air transportation system by providing good availability and high capabilities in terms of instrumentation and services (Jeff Gilley, National Business Aviation Association 2009). 5) Airport Organization The airport organizational structure varies (Neufville Odoni 2003) and can be comprised of an individual airport such as Dallas Fort Worth Airport (DFW) (DFW Airport 2009) or as a group of airports managed by the same organization, such as the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority (MWAA) (Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority 2009). The airport organization is overseen by a board appointed by local governments. In larger airports or systems of airports, a common feature is that the organization includes a separation of operating units which carry out on-going management of airport operations, and they are separate from staff units which have responsibility for (among several other areas) infrastructure development (Neufville Odoni 2003). The airport itself pays for some capital infrastructure projects. Airport operating revenues come from sources such as landing fees, terminal leases and proceeds from concessions sales. This revenue is used to pay for the airport’s operating expense, but any surplus can be used to contribute toward capital improvements. A set of goals for the airport organization can be derived from studying airports’ strategic plans and objectives and from interviewing airport management experts. The primary objective (sometimes referred to as the â€Å"mission†) of the airport is to provide access to high quality air services to its region. Other goals, such as ensuring strong financial performance and high operational efficiency, are considered as â€Å"means to an end† in that they enable the airport to achieve this overarching goal (DFW Airport 2008; Hillsborough County Aviation Authority 2006). A summary view of the airport’s goals is presented using the structure of Denver International Airport’s strategic plan (Denv er International Airport 2009): 1) Excel in airport management: This goal includes: a) Achieve high security and safety (City of Cleveland, Department of Port Control 2007; Denver International Airport 2009; Hillsborough County Aviation Authority 2006) b) Grow revenue and manage costs (City of Cleveland, Department of Port Control 2007; Denver International Airport 2009; DFW Airport 2008; Hillsborough County Aviation Authority 2006) c) Drive economic growth (Denver International Airport 2009) d) Grow passenger numbers (City of Cleveland, Department of Port Control 2007; Denver International Airport 2009) e) Provide access to a high number of destinations and a high frequency of service (Denver International Airport 2009). This goal relates immediately to the primary objective of the airport described above. Airport management must also achieve a balance where sufficient infrastructure capacity exists for handling traffic while capacity is at the same time not over-built (Paul McKnight, Jacobs Consultancy 2009; Frank Berardino, GRA Inc 2009). Additionally, a key objective for airports is to maximize non-aeronautical revenues since that provides diversified revenues and allows for keeping usage charges to air carriers low, thereby potentially attracting more traffic (Chellie Cameron, MWAA 2009; Peter Stettler, Ricondo and Associates 2009; Seth Lehman and Emma Walker, Fitch Ratings 2009). 2) Provide high levels of customer service: This goal includes ensuring a good experience for both passengers and other customers (City of Cleveland, Department of Port Control 2007; Denver International Airport 2009; DFW Airport 2008; Hillsborough County Aviation Authority 2006). 3) Develop environmentally sustainable practices and minimize noise: This goal includes minimizing emissions, energy consumption, etc., within the airport (Denver International Airport 2009; City of Cleveland, Department of Port Control 2007). Some airports, such as Sea-Tac, are also beginning to expand their focus by considering greenhouse gas emissions not only from the airport-controlled operations but also from airlines and other tenants as well as the public (Port of Seattle, Sea-Tac Airport 2007). Related to this is the goal of minimizing airport-related noise (Neufville Odonin2003). 4) Develop high-performing employee teams: This goal relates to developing effective and skilled employees (City of Cleveland, Department of Port Control 2007; Denver International Airport 2009) and maximizing employee engagement (DFW Airport 2008). 5) Enhance competitive advantage: This goal includes providing competitive user rates and protecting the airport’s physical infrastructure (Denver International Airport 2009; City of Cleveland, Department of Port Control 2007). Some of these goals may be in competition with each other. For instance, the goal of maximizing non-aeronautical revenue can conflict with the goal of developing environmentally sustainability and providing a good experience for passengers: The latter two goals would be aided by promoting and developing access to public transportation access modes to the airport such as bus or rail. However, the goal of maximizing non-aeronautical revenue is better served by maximizing revenue-generation in the form of parking revenue from private vehicles. In such instances, airport management must balance the competing priorities in order to accomplish the goals of the airport. 6) Investors and Bond-Holders The majority of airport debt is of the general airport revenue bond (GARB) type. GARB means that the bond is backed by revenues generated from airport operations and not backed by any government funding source. The credit ratings agencies Moody’s, Standard and Poor’s, and Fitch Ratings participate in this system by assigning grades of investment quality to the airports’ bonds. The ratings agencies’ ratings affect the interest rates and terms of the bonds (Wells Young 2003). A large number of factors impact the bond ratings, including: 1) Historical and projected population growth 2) Historical and projected employment expansion and mix 3) Passenger growth 4) Airport utilization trends 5) Portion of origin and destination (OD) traffic 6) The importance of the facility to the overall US system of airports 7) Whether the airport is in a favorable geographic location (e.g. is it a natural hub location?) 8) Airfield capacity and attractiveness of facilities 9) Debt burden and carrying costs 10) Financial strength of carriers with a lot of connecting traffic, and their level of commitment to the airport 11) The role of the airport in the dominant carrier’s network 12) The level of legal flexibility for the airport to change the rates it charges air carriers 7) Concessionaires Airport concessionaires operate passenger services in terminal buildings and may include food and beverage services, retail services, and hotels. Concessions operators pay the airport organization a fixed annual fee and/or a percentage of gross revenues (Wells Young 2003). Considering the concessions operators’ objective of maximizing profits, the goals of the airport for these operators are deduced to be maximizing passenger volumes and minimizing the fees paid to the airport organization. 8) Service Providers The service providers are private operators that offer services to air carriers and general aviation users. Independent operators may supply these services (e.g. fixed-base operators, FBOs), but some of the services may also be provided by the airport operator, the airline itself, or by another airline. Services provided include (Neufville Odoni 2003): 1) Supply of aviation fuel and oil 2) Baggage handling and sorting 3) Loading and unloading of aircraft 4) Interior cleaning of aircraft 5) Toilet and water service 6) Passenger transport to/from remote stands 7) Catering transport 8) Routine inspection and maintenance of aircraft at the stands 9) Aircraft starting, marshalling, and parking 10) Aircraft de-icing 11) Passenger handling (e.g. ticketing and check-in) 12) Cargo and mail handling 13) Information services 14) Preparation of handling and load-control documents 15) Supervisory or administrative duties Similar to concessionaires, independent service providers pay a fee to the airport organization which is typically a percentage of gross revenues (Neufville Odoni 2003). In a parallel to concessionaires, service provider goals for the airport would include maximizing traffic volumes and minimizing the fees paid to the airport organization. 9) Employees The employee category includes both direct employees of the airports organization as well as employees of companies operating at the airport, such as concessions operators. Some employees are organized into unions, such as the Service Employees International Union (SEIU USW West 2009) and Unite Here (Unite Here 2009). The objective of the airport from the perspective of those unions is to provide secure jobs, wages, and benefits (Unite Here 2009). 10) Federal Government The federal government participates in the airport system in three different roles: As a bill-payer, as an operator, and as a regulator. Each of these roles will be addressed in this section. In terms of the government’s role as a bill payer for the system, the Airports Improvement Program (AIP) is administered by the FAA and its funding comes from the Airport and Airway Trust Fund, which in turn is funded by user fees and fuel taxes. AIP funds can be applied toward projects that support aircraft operations including runways, taxiways, aprons, noise abatement, land purchase, and safety, emergency or snow removal equipment. In order to be eligible for AIP funding, airports must be part of the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems (NPIAS), which imposes requirements on the airport for legal and financial compliance (Wells Young 2003). The NPIAS has two goals: To ensure that airports are able to accommodate the growth in travel and to keep airports up to standards for the aircraft that use them (FAA 2008). The government’s role as airport operators includes three different agencies: 1) FAA: The FAA is the operator of ramp, ground, local, and departure/arrival air traffic control services (United States Code of Federal Regulations 2010). 2) Transportation Security Administration (TSA): The TSA provides passenger and baggage security screening services. The TSA states that it is the goal for its baggage screening operations to screen for explosives and other dangerous items while maximizing efficiency (Transportation Security Administration 2009). This can be translated to state that it is the goal for the airport to ensure secure transportation of people and goods while minimizing the impact of security measures on legitimate travelers and goods. 3) Customs and Border Protection (CBP): The CBP is responsible for operating passport control and customs inspections at international airports. The CBP states that it is its mission to protect â€Å"our nation’s borders from terrorism, human and drug smuggling, illegal migration, and agricultural pests while simultaneously facilitating the flow of legitimate travel and trade† (Customs and Border Protection 2009). Just as for the TSA, this can be translated to state that it is the goal for the airport to ensure secure transportation of people and goods while minimizing the impact of security measures on legitimate travelers and goods. Lastly, the federal government is a regulator of the airports system. Airports that are included in the NPIAS are subject to a number of federal regulations that are enforced by the FAA and the Transportation Security Administration. The regulations apply to both the airport infrastructure as well as to service providers within the airport systems. The purpose of these rules is to ensure the safe and efficient operations of public-use airports (Wells Young 2003). 11) Local Government US airports are with few exceptions not private, profitmaking enterprises. Instead, airports are typically owned and operated by public entities such as cities, counties, or local airport authorities (Neufville Odoni 2003). For instance, Washington’s Dulles and National airports are owned and operated by the Metropolitan Washington Airport’s Authority (MWAA). The MWAA is officially a body independent of the local government but its board is appointed by the Governor of Virginia, the Mayor of the District of Columbia, the Governor of Maryland and the President of the United States). Similarly, Newark, LaGuardia, JFK, Stewart International, and Teterboro airports in metropolitan New York City are owned by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey 2009). Dallas-Fort Worth Airport is jointly owned by the City of Dallas and the City of Forth Worth (DFW Airport 2009). The government owners in the form of city and local governments are represented by an airport board which is responsible for the strategic direction of the airport and for appointing airport management (Wells Young 2003). The local government is supported in an advisory role by federally funded Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) who are charged with assisting in planning for aviation and other transportation infrastructure for the local region (Association of Metropolitan Planning Organizations 2010). State and local government also contribute as bill-payers for capital improvement projects (Airports Council International North America 2009). The objectives of the airport from the point of view of the local government is representative of those of the local community it represents and involves both maximizing its positive effects while minimizing its negative effects. One form of positive impact of the airport is in the shape of economic effects. There is significant literature on the economic impact of airports. However, many studies are sponsored by the airports authorities themselves, making them more political than analytical. Although there may be no definitive measure of the economic impact of airports, a structure for the types of impacts of airports to their regional communities has proposed (Button Stough 2000): 1) Short-term impact from construction, expansion, and renovation of airports 2) Sustained impact in the form of jobs at the airport (direct impact) and off-airport jobs that result from the â€Å"multiplier effect† of the income generated by employees at the airport 3) Stimulus of the local economy as a result of firms and individuals having air transportation services at their disposal 4) Spurring other economic development by crossing thresholds for economies of scale, scope, and density. The authors note that this last form of impact is very difficult to quantify. COMMUNICATION PLAN Communication Objectives The objective of this strategic communications plan is to serve as a road map for how communications will be done between members of the project team as well as the stakeholders.. This plan comprises objectives, strategies and tactics for how team correspondence will be performed between each facet of the project team.. Works Cited Kurt Krummenacker, Moodys, 2009. Interview of Kurt Krummenacker, Moodys, by David Schaar, George Mason University. Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority, 2009. Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority, Facts. Available at: http://www.mwaa.com/about_the_authority/facts [Accessed October 15, 2012]. Neufville, R.D. Odoni, A.R., 2003. Airport systems, McGraw-Hill Professional. Port of Seattle, Sea-Tac Airport, 2007. Port of Seattle,Seattle-Tacoma International Airport,Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory 2006, Sarkis, J., 2000. An analysis of the operational efficiency of major airports in the United States. Journal of Operations Management, 18(3), 335-351. Sarkis, J. Talluri, S., 2004. Performance based clustering for benchmarking of US airports. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 38(5), 329-346. Schap, D., 1986. Municipal ownership in the electric utility industry, Praeger. SEIU USW West, 2009. SEIU USW West About Us. Available at: http://www.seiu-usww.org/about/Default.aspx [Accessed October 16, 2012]. Smith, D.M., 1979. Where the grass is greener, Taylor Francis. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, 2009. Overview of Facilities and Services About the Port Authority. Available at: http://www.panynj.gov/about/facilities-services.html [Accessed October 18, 2012]. Transportation Security Administration, 2009. Transportation Security Administration What We Do. Available at: http://www.tsa.gov/what_we_do/index.shtm [Accessed October 16, 2012]. Unite Here, 2009. Unite Here. Available at: http://www.unitehere.org/about/airports.php [Accessed October 16, 2012]. United States Code of Federal Regulations, 2010. Title 14,Part 91. Available at: [Accessed February 5, 2010]. Upham, P.J., 2003. Towards sustainable aviation,Earthscan. US-Citizens Aviation Watch, 2009. US-Citizens AviationWatch. Available at: http://www.us-caw.org/ [Accessed October 16, 2012]. Wells, A.T. Young, S.B., 2003. Airport planning management, McGraw-Hill Professional. White, E.T., 1976. Utilities, Dept. of Defense, National Defense University, Industrial College of the Armed Forces. Wolfe, H.P. NewMyer, D.A., 1985. Aviation industry regulation, SIU Press.